Developing an efficient and economic technique for CO2 conversion can both eliminate the environmental effect and provide an effective solution for energy storage, therefore attracting great attention in the past decades. Proton-conducting solid oxide cells (H-SOCs) have recently emerged as a promising approach for converting CO2 into valuable chemicals with high efficiency and good selectivity. In this review, we summarize recent progress of using H-SOCs for the reforming reaction of CH4 and CO2 as well as the co-electrolysis of CO2 and H2O. The conversion performance, reaction mechanism, and material development are discussed in detail. Some other reactions such as CO2 hydrogenation using H-SOC are also presented. Finally, we point out the challenges and outlooks for CO2 conversion using H-SOCs.