Catalytic oxidative desulfurization (ODS) is emerging as a potential alternative to deep hydroprocessing as a result of its milder operating conditions and no hydrogen requirements. In this study, ODS catalysts based on a mesoporous TUD-1 support were developed to overcome the diffusion limitation of zeolite-based catalysts in oxidizing large-size organosulfur compounds present in real petroleum feedstocks. Different mesoporous oxidation catalysts were formed by substituting Ti in the TUD-1 framework and impregnating Keggin molybdenum heteropolyacid (HPA) on the TUD-1 support. The mesoporosity of TUD-1 and the presence of Ti(IV) and Mo Keggin units in the prepared catalysts were confirmed from the characterization results of X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray absorption near edge structure, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller N-2 surface area analyses. The ODS performance of catalysts was studied using a mild hydrotreated bitumen-derived heavy gas oil feedstock. The HPA-dispersed Ti-TUD-1 catalyst was found to be most active for desulfurizing the heavy gas oil feedstock as a result of a strong synergy effect of Ti and Mo Keggin ions on catalyzing oxygen transfer from an oxidant to a substrate. Oxidants, such as hydrogen peroxide, cumene hydroperoxide, tert-butyl hydroperoxide, and molecular oxygen, were screened in this study. The first two oxidants were better than others and equally efficient. The HPA/Ti-TUD-1 catalyst was found to be suitable for ODS and oxidative denitrogenation (ODN) in both the batch stirred-tank reactor and continuous fixed-bed reactor systems.