With the country's increasing requirements on environmental performance of drilling fluid treatment agents, which the traditional anti-collapse agent design has been unable to meet, research on environmentally-friendly anti-collapse agent molecular design is becoming increasingly important. This paper studies the effect of different types of groups on the anti-collapse characteristics and environmental protection performance of anti-collapse agents. The core immersion test and linear expansion test were used to evaluate the anti-collapse properties of different groups. The experimental results show that the anti-collapse properties of different groups of the same carbon chain length decrease in the following order: amino group > amide group > hydroxy group > carboxyl group. The anti-collapse properties of different amino groups of organic amines change in the following order: primary amine > secondary amine > tertiary amine. At the same time, the potassium dichromate method, the dilution and inoculation method, and the luminescent bacteria method were used to measure the COD value, BOD value, and EC(50)value of the anti-collapse agents with different groups, and the experimental results show that the biodegradability decreases in the following order: hydroxyl group > carboxyl group > amide group > amino group. Biological toxicity decreases in the following order: hydroxyl group > amide group > carboxyl group > amino group. The biodegradability value of different amino groups of organic amines increases in the following order: primary amine < secondary amine < tertiary amine. The biological toxicity decreases in the following order: primary amine > secondary amine > tertiary amine.