화학공학소재연구정보센터
홈 로그인 로그아웃 연락처 사이트맵
Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol.89, 83-103, September, 2020
DOI10.1016/j.jiec.2020.06.022  Export Citation
Synthesis and performance evaluation of hydrocracking catalysts: A review
Roba Saab1, Kyriaki Polychronopoulou1, 2, †, Lianxi Zheng1, S. Kumar3, and Andreas Schiffer1, †
  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, 127788, UAE, United Arab Emirates
  • 2Center for Catalysis and Separation, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, 127788, UAE, United Arab Emirates
  • 3James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8LT, United Kingdom, UK
E-mail:,
This review provides a comprehensive summary of current hydrocracking applications, and presents recent advances in the synthesis and structure/composition control of various nanomaterials used in hydrocracking catalysts. Although a wide range of feeds are considered in this review, particular focus is placed on hydrocracking of aromatic and paraffinic compounds. The significance, concepts and principles of the hydrocracking process are first discussed focusing on its wide range of industrial applications. Then, recent advances in the synthesis of hydrocracking catalysts are presented, including different types of zeolites and metal promoted catalysts. Finally, we compare the performances of a wide range of hydrocracking catalysts, and discuss how their intrinsic properties (e.g. surface area, porosity, acidity, morphology and structure) can be controlled to achieve optimal catalytic performance in hydrocracking of aromatic compounds, heavy petrochemicals, paraffinic hydrocarbons and vegetable oils.
Keywords:Hierarchical zeolite;Catalysis;Hydrocracking;Hydroprocessing;Fuel;Bi-Functional catalyst
  1. Sahu R, Song BJ, Im JS, Jeon YP, Lee CW, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 27, 12 (2015)
  2. Park HB, Kim KD, Lee YK, Fuel, 222, 105 (2018)
  3. Rana MS, Samano V, Ancheyta J, Diaz JAI, Fuel, 86(9), 1216 (2007)
  4. Mosio-Mosiewski J, Morawski I, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 283(1-2), 147 (2005)
  5. Scherzer J, Gruia FJ, Hydrocracking Science and Technology, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 1996.
  6. Speight JG, Handbook of Industrial Hydrocarbon Processes, Elsevier Inc., pp.395 2011.
  7. Choi Y, Lee J, Shin J, Lee S, Kim D, Lee JK, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 492, 140 (2015)
  8. Park JI, Lee JK, Miyawaki J, Kim YK, Yoon SH, Mochida I, Fuel, 90(1), 182 (2011)
  9. Ishihara A, Itoh T, Nasu H, Hashimoto T, Doi T, Fuel Process. Technol., 116, 222 (2013)
  10. Calemma V, Giardino R, Ferrari M, Fuel Process. Technol., 91(7), 770 (2010)
  11. Upare DP, Park S, Kim MS, Kim J, Lee D, Lee J, Chang H, Choi W, Choi S, Jeon YP, Park YK, Lee CW, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 35, 99 (2016)
  12. Romero M, Pizzi A, Toscano G, Casazza AA, Busca G, Bosio B, Arato E, Fuel Process. Technol., 137, 31 (2015)
  13. Gui MM, Lee KT, Bhatia S, Energy, 33(11), 1646 (2008)
  14. Mirzayanti YW, Kurniawansyah F, Prajitno DH, Bull. Chem. React. Eng. Catal., 13(1), 136 (2018)
  15. Prajitno DH, Roesyadi A, Al-Muttaqii M, Marlinda L, Bull. Chem. React. Eng. Catal., 12(3), 318 (2017)
  16. Adrados A, de Marco I, Caballero BM, Lopez A, Laresgoiti MF, Torres A, Waste Manage., 32(5), 826 (2012)
  17. Mercader FD, Groeneveld MJ, Kersten SRA, Venderbosch RH, Hogendoorn JA, Fuel, 89(10), 2829 (2010)
  18. Mortensen PM, Grunwaldt JD, Jensen PA, Knudsen KG, Jensen AD, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 407(1-2), 1 (2011)
  19. Elizalde I, Ancheyta J, Fuel, 138, 45 (2014)
  20. Fuentes-Ordonez EG, Salbidegoitia JA, Gonzalez-Marcos MP, Ayastuy JL, Gutierrez-Ortiz MA, Gonzalez-Velasco JR, J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manag., 17(3), 465 (2015)
  21. Akash B, Procedia Comput. Sci., 52(1), 827 (2015)
  22. Rencoret J, et al., Plant Physiol., 155, 667 (2011)
  23. Xu C, Arancon RAD, Labidi J, Luque R, Chem. Soc. Rev., 43(22), 7485 (2014)
  24. Lou R, Wu SB, Appl. Energy, 88(1), 316 (2011)
  25. Shu RY, Long JX, Xu Y, Ma LL, Zhang Q, Wang TJ, Wang CG, Yuan ZQ, Wu QY, Bioresour. Technol., 200, 14 (2016)
  26. Yang J, Zhao L, Liu ST, Wang YY, Dai LY, Bioresour. Technol., 212, 302 (2016)
  27. Zhang XH, Wang TJ, Ma LL, Zhang Q, Huang XM, Yu YX, Appl. Energy, 112, 533 (2013)
  28. Misson M, Haron R, Fadhzir M, Kamaroddin A, Amin NAS, Bioresour. Technol., 100(11), 2867 (2009)
  29. Wang JD, Li WZ, Wang HZ, Ma QZ, Li S, Chang HM, Jameel H, Bioresour. Technol., 243, 100 (2017)
  30. Tanneru SK, Steele PH, Fuel, 154, 268 (2015)
  31. Busca G, Microporous Mesoporous Mater., 254(June (2), 3 (2017)
  32. Wang X, Zhang X, Wang Q, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 590, 117335 (2020)
  33. Mendes PSF, Silva JM, Ribeiro MF, Duchene P, Daudin A, Bouchy C, AIChE J., 63(7), 2864 (2017)
  34. Wang W, Liu CJ, Wu W, Catal. Sci. Technol., 9(16), 4162 (2019)
  35. Mendes PSF, Silva JM, Ribeiro MF, Daudin A, Bouchy C, Catal. Today, (August) 1 (2019).
  36. Pagis C, Bouchy C, Dodin M, Franco RM, Farrusseng D, Oil Gas Sci. Technol., 74 (2019)
  37. Hartmann M, Machoke AG, Schwieger W, Chem. Soc. Rev., 45(12), 3313 (2016)
  38. Feliczak-Guzik A, Microporous Mesoporous Mater., 259, 33 (2018)
  39. Perez-Ramirez J, Christensen CH, Egeblad K, Christensen CH, Groen JC, Chem. Soc. Rev., 37, 2530 (2008)
  40. Robinson P, Dolbear GE, Practical Advances in Petroleum Processing, pp. 177 June (2007).
  41. Klein MT, Hou G, Practical Advances in Petroleum Processing 5, Springer, New York, NY, pp. 187 2007.
  42. Thybaut JW, Narasimhan CSL, Marin GB, Denayer JFM, Baron GV, Jacobs PA, Martens JA, Catal. Lett., 94(1-2), 81 (2004)
  43. Kumar H, Mechanistic Kinetic Modeling of the Hydrocracking of Complex Feedstocks, Texas A&M University, 2006.
  44. Kumar H, Froment GF, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 46(18), 5881 (2007)
  45. Thybaut JW, Marin GB, Baron GV, Jacobs PA, Martens JA, J. Catal., 202(2), 324 (2001)
  46. Froment GF, Catal. Rev.-Sci. Eng., 47(1), 83 (2005)
  47. Martinez C, Corma A, Coord. Chem. Rev., 255(13-14), 1558 (2011)
  48. Mendes PSF, Silva JM, Ribeiro MF, Bouchy C, Daudin A, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 71, 167 (2019)
  49. Petrov I, Michalev T, Chemical Technologies, 51, pp. 30 Book 9.1 (2012)
  50. Bulut M, Jacobs PA, Synthesis of Solid Catalysts, pp. 243 (2009).
  51. Koohsaryan E, Anbia M, Chinese J. Catal., 37(4), 447 (2016)
  52. Qiu Y, Wang L, Zhang X, Liu G, RSC Adv., 5(95), 78238 (2015)
  53. Wei Y, Parmentier TE, De Jong KP, Zecevic J, Chem. Soc. Rev., 44(20), 7234 (2015)
  54. Parulkar A, Joshi R, Deshpande N, Brunelli NA, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 566, 25 (2018)
  55. Zhao J, Yin YC, Li Y, Chen WY, Liu BJ, Chem. Eng. J., 284, 405 (2016)
  56. Choi M, Na K, Kim J, Sakamoto Y, Terasaki O, Ryoo R, Nature, 461(Septemb) (2009)
  57. Looi PY, Mohamed AR, Tye CT, Chem. Eng. J., 181-182, 717 (2012)
  58. Dabbawala AA, et al., Surf. Coat. Technol., 350(June), 369 (2018)
  59. Garcia-Martinez J, Li K, Krishnaiah G, Chem. Commun., 48(97), 11841 (2012)
  60. Khaleel M, Xu W, Lesch DA, Tsapatsis M, Chem. Mater., 28(12), 4204 (2016)
  61. Khaleel M, Wagner AJ, Mkhoyan KA, Tsapatsis M, Angew. Chem.-Int. Edit., 53(36), 9456 (2014)
  62. Han SW, Kim J, Ryoo R, Microporous Mesoporous Mater., 240, 123 (2017)
  63. Li C, Ren YQ, Gou JS, Liu BY, Xi HX, Appl. Surf. Sci., 392, 785 (2017)
  64. Emdadi L, et al., Microporous Mesoporous Mater., 275(July (2), 31 (2019)
  65. Reddy JK, Motokura K, Koyama T, Miyaji A, Baba T, J. Catal., 289, 53 (2012)
  66. Huo Z, et al., Microporous Mesoporous Mater., 158, 137 (2012)
  67. Shin HS, Opanasenko M, Cabello CP, Ryoo R, Cejka J, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 537, 24 (2017)
  68. Cheng SL, Mazonde B, Zhang GH, Javed M, Dai PY, Cao YN, Tu SS, Wu JY, Lu CX, Xing C, Shan SD, Fuel, 223, 354 (2018)
  69. Domokos L, Ouwehand C, Hydrocracking Catalyst US 2016/0074846A1, (2016).
  70. Shariaty P, Hashisho Z, Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 277, (November (2018)) 171 (2019).
  71. Babaei M, Anbia M, Kazemipour M, Can. J. Chem., 95(2), 162 (2016)
  72. Kosinov N, Liu C, Hensen EJM, Pidko EA, Chem. Mater., 30(10), 3177 (2018)
  73. Kim J, Kim W, Seo Y, Kim JC, Ryoo R, J. Catal., 301, 187 (2013)
  74. Polychronopoulou K, Efstathiou AM, Catal. Today, 116(3), 341 (2006)
  75. Charisiou ND, Siakavelas G, Papageridis KN, Baklavaridis A, Tzounis L, Polychronopoulou K, Goula MA, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy, 42(18), 13039 (2017)
  76. Polychronopoulou K, Giannakopoulos K, Efstathiou AM, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 111-112, 360 (2012)
  77. Petallidou KC, Polychronopoulou K, Fierro JLG, Efstathiou AM, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 504, 585 (2015)
  78. Wade R, Vislocky J, Maesen T, Torchia D, Pet. Technol. Q., 14(4), 81 (2009)
  79. Ali MA, Tatsumi T, Masuda T, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 233(1-2), 77 (2002)
  80. Marceau E, Carrier X, Che M, Impregnation and Drying, Synthesis of Solid Catalysts, pp.59 2009.
  81. Smith KS, Soc. Econ. Geol., 6 (1999)
  82. Lambert JF, Che M, J. Mol. Catal. A-Chem., 162(1-2), 5 (2000)
  83. Liu X, et al., Molecules, 23(4), 1 (2018)
  84. Barton RR, Carrier M, Segura C, Fierro JLG, Escalona N, Peretti SW, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 540, 7 (2017)
  85. Barton RR, Carrier M, Segura C, Fierro JLG, Park S, Lamb HH, Escalona N, Peretti SW, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 562, 294 (2018)
  86. de Jong KP, Deposition Precipitation, Synthesis of Solid Catalysts, pp.111 2009.
  87. Mul G, Hirschon AS, Catal. Today, 65(1), 69 (2001)
  88. Galeano YM, Negri F, Moreno MS, Munera J, Cornaglia L, Tarditi AM, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 572, 176 (2019)
  89. Li SW, Tuel A, Meunier F, Aouine M, Farrusseng D, J. Catal., 332, 25 (2015)
  90. Hur Young Gul, Lee Dae-Won, Lee Kwan-Young, Fuel, 185, 794 (2016)
  91. Tiwari R, et al., Catal. Commun., 12(6), 559 (2011)
  92. Silva-Rodrigo R, Calderon-Salas C, Melo-Banda JA, Dominguez JM, Vazquez-Rodriguez A, Catal. Today, 98(1-2), 123 (2004)
  93. Leyva C, Rana MS, Trejo F, Ancheyta J, Catal. Today, 141(1-2), 168 (2009)
  94. Carlsson A, Brorson M, Topsoe H, J. Catal., 227(2), 530 (2004)
  95. Li JJ, Xia ZQ, Lai WK, Zheng JB, Chen BH, Yi XD, Fang WP, Fuel, 97, 504 (2012)
  96. Furimsky E, Massoth FE, Catal. Today, 52(4), 381 (1999)
  97. Eom HJ, Lee DW, Kim S, Chung SH, Hur YG, Lee KY, Fuel, 126, 263 (2014)
  98. Panariti N, Del Bianco A, Del Piero G, Marchionna M, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 204(2), 203 (2000)
  99. Watanabe I, Otake M, Yoshimoto M, Sakanishi K, Korai Y, Mochida I, Fuel, 81(11-12), 1515 (2002)
  100. Ovalles C, Filgueiras E, Morales A, Scott CE, Gonzalez-Gimenez F, Embaid BP, Fuel, 82(8), 887 (2003)
  101. Jeon SG, Na JG, Ko CH, Lee KB, Rho NS, Park SB, Mater. Sci. Eng. B-Solid State Mater. Adv. Technol., 176(7), 606 (2011)
  102. Genuit D, Afanasiev P, Vrinat M, J. Catal., 235(2), 302 (2005)
  103. Liu W, Du Y, Qin B, Wang F, Zhang X, Gao H, EP 3, (168) 283 A1 (2017).
  104. Yu G, Lu S, Chen H, Zhu Z, Diesel fuel desulfurization with hydrogen peroxide promoted by formic acid and catalyzed by activated carbon, 43, pp. 2285 (2005).
  105. Veeramalai CP, Li F, Xu H, Kim TW, Guo T, R. Soc. Chem., 5, 57666 (2015)
  106. Xia H, Lai M, Lu L, J. Mater. Chem., 20, 6896 (2010)
  107. Luo B, Zhi L, Energy Environ. Sci., 00, 1 (2014)
  108. Liu HD, Huang JM, Li XL, Liu J, Zhang YX, Du K, Appl. Surf. Sci., 258(11), 4917 (2012)
  109. Ge C, et al., J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol., 63, 146 (2012)
  110. Zhang L, Du G, Zhou B, Wang L, Ceram. Int., 40, 1241 (2014)
  111. Hargreaves JSJ, Munnoch AL, Catal. Sci. Technol., 3(5), 1165 (2013)
  112. Mendes PSF, Silva JM, Ribeiro MF, Daudin A, Bouchy C, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 62, 72 (2018)
  113. Li M, Zhang Y, Wang H, Yu S, Liu D, Wang Y, Fuel, 254 (2019)
  114. de Lucas A, Ramos MJ, Dorado F, Sanchez P, Valverde JL, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 289(2), 205 (2005)
  115. Sanchez P, Dorado F, Ramos MJ, Romero R, Jimenez V, Valverde JL, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 314(2), 248 (2006)
  116. Vajglova Z, et al., Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. (2019).
  117. Harmel J, Van Der Wal LI, Zecevic J, De Jongh PE, De Jong KP, Catal. Sci. Technol., 10(7), 2111 (2020)
  118. Kong X, Liu J, PLoS One, 9(7), 5 (2014)
  119. Du X, Kong X, Chen L, Catal. Commun., 45, 109 (2014)
  120. Raseev S, Hydrocracking in Thermal and Catalytic Processes in Petroleum refining, Marcel Dekker Inc., 2003.
  121. Thybaut JW, Marin GB, Catalysis, Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems, Eolss Publishers, Oxford, 2009.
  122. Pirola C, Rossetti I, Ragaini V, Sci. Technol. (2006).
  123. Parkash S, Refining Processes Handbook, Elsevier, pp.62 2003.
  124. Kim YS, Cho KS, Lee YK, J. Catal., 351, 67 (2017)
  125. Kim YS, Yun GN, Lee YK, Catal. Commun., 45, 133 (2014)
  126. Annuar NHR, Triwahyono S, Jalil AA, Basar N, Abdullah TAT, Ahmad A, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 541, 77 (2017)
  127. Zhu L, Xiao FS, Zhang ZT, Sun YY, Han Y, Qiu SL, Catal. Today, 68(1-3), 209 (2001)
  128. Oh Y, Shin J, Noh H, Kim C, Kim YS, Lee YK, Lee JK, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 577, 86 (2019)
  129. Laredo GC, Perez-Romo P, Escobar J, Garcia-Gutierrez JL, Vega-Merino PM, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 56(39), 10939 (2017)
  130. Butley GV, et al., Integrated process for production of high octane gasoline, US9644155B2, (2015).
  131. Oprins AJM, Integrated hydrocracking process US9850438B2, (2017).
  132. Zhang Y, Maesen TLM, Hao Y, Bushee DR, Rea TM, Middle distillate hydrocracking catalyst containing zeolite beta with low od acidity and large domain size US20170043328A1, (2016).
  133. Zhang Y, Maesen TLM, Hao Y, Rea TM, Middle distillate hydrocracking catalyst containing zeolite USY, and zeolite beta with low acidity and large domain size US10040058B2, (2017).
  134. Jia J, Rainis A, Maesen TLM, Coser R, Zhang Y, Noble metal zeolite catalyst for second-stage hydrocracking US20160214094A1, (2016).
  135. Shin J, Oh Y, Choi Y, Lee J, Lee JK, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 547, 12 (2017)
  136. Lee J, Choi Y, Shin J, Lee JK, Catal. Today, 265, 144 (2016)
  137. Ferraz SGA, Zotin FMZ, Araujo LRR, Zotin JL, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 384(1-2), 51 (2010)
  138. Wang LA, Shen BJ, Fang F, Wang FC, Tian R, Zhang ZH, Cui LS, Catal. Today, 158(3-4), 343 (2010)
  139. Wang YD, Shen BJ, Wang L, Feng B, Li JC, Guo QX, Fuel Process. Technol., 106, 141 (2013)
  140. Santi D, Holl T, Calemma V, Weitkamp J, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 455, 46 (2013)
  141. Quinchia J, Sanchez J, Poveda JC, Moreno A, Microporous Mesoporous Mater., 301, 110226 (2020)
  142. Peng C, Huang XL, Duan XZ, Cheng ZM, Zeng RH, Guo R, Fang XC, Catal. Today, 271, 149 (2016)
  143. Peng C, Fang XC, Zeng RH, Guo R, Hao WY, Catal. Today, 276, 11 (2016)
  144. Cao Z, et al., J. Energy Chem., 52, 41 (2020)
  145. Peng C, Liu B, Feng X, Du Y, Fang X, Chem. Eng. J., 389, 123461 (2020)
  146. Calemma V, Ferrari M, Rabl S, Weitkamp J, Fuel, 111, 763 (2013)
  147. Akmaz S, Caglayan PA, Chem. Eng. Technol., 38(5), 917 (2015)
  148. Upare DP, Park S, Kim MS, Jeon YP, Kim J, Lee D, Lee J, Chang H, Choi S, Choi W, Park YK, Lee CW, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 46, 356 (2017)
  149. Manrique C, Guzman A, Perez-Pariente J, Marquez-Alvarez C, Echavarria A, Fuel, 182, 236 (2016)
  150. Zhao QQ, Qin B, Zheng JJ, Du YZ, Sun WF, Ling FX, Zhang XW, Li RF, Chem. Eng. J., 257, 262 (2014)
  151. Van Kimmenade E, Aramburo L, “Process for combined hydrodesulfuriza-tion and hydrocracking of heavy hydrocarbons WO 2017/144438 Al, (2017).
  152. Liu C, et al., Preparation Methods Thereof, Hydrocracking Catalyst, and Hydrocracking Method US 2016/0151771 A1, (2016).
  153. Dandekar AB, McManus JR, Wilson K, Jet and Diesel Selective Hydrocrack-ing US 2017 / 0335207 A1, (2017).
  154. Kannaiyan S, Madhavan VR, Rajagopal S, Jayabalan A, Appl. Therm. Eng., 97, 13 (2016)
  155. Patino JE, Cortes FB, Nanocatalysts for hydrocracking and methods of their use US9339796B2, (2016).
  156. Kang KH, Ki MGT, Park SY, Seo PW, Seo HI, Lee CW, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 76, 1 (2019)
  157. Agudelo JL, Hensen EM, Giraldo SA, Hoyos LJ, Fuel Process. Technol., 133, 89 (2015)
  158. Ghosh U, Kulkarni K, Kulkarni AD, Chaudhari PL, Chem. Process Eng. Res., 34, 51 (2015)
  159. Kazakov MO, Nadeina KA, Danilova IG, Dik PP, Klimov OV, Pereyma VY, Gerasimov EY, Dobryakova IV, Knyazeva EE, Ivanova II, Noskov AS, Catal. Today, 305, 117 (2018)
  160. Dik PP, Danilova IG, Golubev IS, Kazakov MO, Nadeina KA, Budukva SV, Pereyma VY, Klimov OV, Prosvirin IP, Gerasimov EY, Bok TO, Dobryakova IV, Knyazeva EE, Ivanova II, Noskov AS, Fuel, 237, 178 (2019)
  161. Cui QY, Wang SQ, Wei Q, Mu L, Yu GL, Zhang T, Zhou YS, Fuel, 237, 597 (2019)
  162. Halmenschlager CM, Brar M, Apan IT, de Klerk A, Catal. Today, (June) 1 (2019).
  163. Shin SY, Lee JH, Jo YK, Nguyen MT, Park BK, Park SY, Lee CW, Kim CG, Chung TM, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 72, 408 (2019)
  164. Kang KH, Nguyen NT, Seo PW, Seo H, Kim GT, Kang N, Lee CW, Han SJ, Chung MC, Park S, J. Catal., 384, 106 (2020)
  165. Chuan LI, Bin SHI, Min CUI, Hong-yan S, Guo-he QUE, Application of Co-Mo / CNT catalyst in hydro-cracking of Gudao vacuum residue 35, 4, (2007).
  166. Yue YY, Li JW, Dong P, Wang TH, Jiang LL, Yuan P, Zhu HB, Bai ZS, Bao XJ, Fuel Process. Technol., 175, 123 (2018)
  167. Majka M, Tomaszewicz G, Mianowski A, J. Energy Inst., 91(6), 1164 (2018)
  168. Saab R, Polychronopoulou K, Charisiou N, Goula MA, Schiffer A, J. Carbon Res., 6(31) (2020)
  169. Anis SF, Singaravel G, Hashaikeh R, Mater. Chem. Phys., 212, 87 (2018)
  170. Anis SF, Singaravel G, Hashaikeh R, RSC Adv., 8(30), 16703 (2018)
  171. Saepurahman, Hashaikeh R, Mater. Chem. Phys., 220, 322 (2018)
  172. Krasilnikova OK, Markova EB, Grankina TY, Khozina EV, Simonov VN, Nanosci. Nanotechnology-Asia, 8(1), 100 (2018)
  173. Martens JA, Verboekend D, Thomas K, Vanbutsele G, Perez-Ramirez J, Gilson JP, Catal. Today, 218-219, 135 (2013)
  174. Verheyen E, Jo C, Kurttepeli M, Vanbutsele G, Gobechiya E, Koranyi TI, Bals S, Van Tendeloo G, Ryoo R, Kirschhock CEA, Martens JA, J. Catal., 300, 70 (2013)
  175. Rossetti I, Gambaro C, Calemma V, Chem. Eng. J., 154(1-3), 295 (2009)
  176. Hasan M, Mohamed AM, Al-Kandari H, Mol. Catal., 452, 1 (2018)
  177. Kazakov MO, et al., Catal. Today (2019).
  178. khel TK, et al., Mol. Catal., 476, 110515 (2019)
  179. Imyen T, Wannapakdee W, Limtrakul J, Wattanakit C, Fuel, 254, 11593 (2019)
  180. Francis J, Guillon E, Bats N, Pichon C, Corma A, Simon LJ, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 409-410, 140 (2011)
  181. Amirmoghadam H, Sadr MH, Aghabozorg H, Salehirad F, Irandoukht A, React. Kinet. Mech. Catal., 125(2), 983 (2018)
  182. Li T, Cheng J, Huang R, Yang WJ, Zhou JH, Cen KF, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy, 41(47), 21883 (2016)
  183. Liu SY, Zhu QQ, Guan QX, He LN, Li W, Bioresour. Technol., 183, 93 (2015)
  184. Liu J, Fan K, Tian WQ, Liu C, Rong L, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy, 37(23), 17731 (2012)
  185. Barron AE, Melo-Banda JA, Dominguez JM, Hernandez E, Silva R, Reyes AI, Meraz MA, Catal. Today, 166(1), 102 (2011)
  186. Ishihara A, Fukui N, Nasu H, Hashimoto T, Fuel, 134, 611 (2014)
  187. Veriansyah B, Han JY, Kim SK, Hong SA, Kim YJ, Lim JS, Shu YW, Oh SG, Kim J, Fuel, 94(1), 578 (2012)
  188. Jeong HR, Shin M, Jeong BH, Jang JH, Han GB, Suh YW, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 83, 189 (2020)
  189. Simacek P, Kubicka D, Sebor G, Pospisil M, Fuel, 88(3), 456 (2009)
  190. Sankaranarayanan TM, Banu M, Pandurangan A, Sivasanker S, Bioresour. Technol., 102(22), 10717 (2011)
  191. Krar M, Kovacs S, Kallo D, Hancsok J, Bioresour. Technol., 101(23), 9287 (2010)
  192. Ishihara A, Ishida R, Ogiyama T, Nasu H, Hashimoto T, Fuel Process. Technol., 161, 17 (2017)
  193. Zhang Z, Cheng J, Zhu Y, Guo H, Yang W, Fuel, 269, 117465 (2020)