Aims The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of altered environmental conditions on the persistence of Francisella tularensis bacteria and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), on two material types. Methods and Results Francisella tularensis (F.t.) and VEEV were inoculated (c. 1 x 10(8) colony-forming units or PFU), dried onto porous and nonporous fomites (glass and paper), and exposed to combinations of altered environmental conditions ranging from 22 to 60 degrees C and 30 to 75% relative humidity (RH). Viability of test organism was assessed after contact times ranging from 30 min to 10 days. Inactivation rates of F.t. and VEEV increased as both temperature and/or RH were increased. Greater efficacy was observed for paper as compared to glass for both test organisms. Conclusions The use of elevated temperature and RH increased rate of inactivation for both organisms and greater than six log reduction was accomplished in as little as 6 h by elevating temperature to approximately 60 degrees C. Significance and Impact of the Study These results provide information for inactivation of nonspore-forming select agents using elevated temperature and humidity which may aid incident commanders following a biological contamination incident by providing alternative methods for remediation.