The conversion of C2-4 carboxylic (acetic, propionic, and n-butyric) acids on HZSM-5 was studied at 350 degrees C. The reaction proceeds through ketonization (to acetone, 3-pentanone, and 4-heptanone, respectively), aldol condensation, and tertiary reactions to aromatics-rich hydrocarbons. The product distribution is influenced by the carbon chain length of carboxylic acids due to the shape selectivity of ZSM-5. The turnover frequency (TOF) of ketonization of carboxylic acids decreases while the TOF of aldol condensation of corresponding ketones increases with increasing carbon chain length. Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism analysis shows that the true activation enthalpy of both ketonization and aldol condensation increases with increasing carbon chain length, due to the increased steric hindrance for the formation of a C-C bond. However, the true Gibbs free activation energy increases for ketonization but decreases for aldol condensation with increasing chain length, due to a greater contribution of activation entropy of aldol condensation than that of ketonization.