Carbon/boehmite composites (HCB) with highly enhanced cyclic adsorption performance toward methylene blue (MB) were prepared successfully via a one-step hydrothermal method from boehmite sol and glucose. XRD, BET, FTIR, and zeta potential studies were carried out to characterize the prepared hydrothermal carbon (HC) sphere, boehmite, and HCB-3.2 (the composite with the optimal adsorption performance). Static adsorption studies showed that the maximum adsorption capacity of HCB-3.2 (303.0 mg g(-1)) was well above those of HC (208.0 mg g(-1)) and boehmite (210.0 mg g(-1)). Fixed-bed column studies revealed that the lower bed depth and flow rate resulted in the higher adsorption capacity for MB, and the process of the dynamic adsorption was well fitted by the Yoon-Nelson model. Importantly, a persulfate advanced oxidation method could efficiently regenerate the saturated HCB-3.2 with MB, and the supernatant containing persulfate was reused during the regeneration step to reduce the production of secondary wastewater. Furthermore, HCB-3.2 maintained excellent removal efficiency for MB after five cycles, indicating its great potential for dye removal in wastewater treatment.