Continuous H-2 production from xylose by granules and biofilm up-flow anaerobic reactor using moderate thermophilic mixed cultures was investigated. The maximum H-2 yield of 251 mL H-2/g-xylose with H(2)production rate of 15.1 L H-2/L.d was obtained from granules reactor operating at the organic loading rate (OLR) of 60 g-xylose/L.d and hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 4 h. Meanwhile the highest H-2 production rate of 13.3 L.d with an H-2 yield of 221 mL H-2/g xylose was achieved from the biofilm reactor. Both reactors were dominated by Thermoanaerobacterium species with acetate and butyrate as main fermentation products. The microbial community of the biofilm reactor was composed of Thermoanaerobacterium species, while granules reactor was composed of Clostridium sp., Thermoanaerobacterium sp. and Caloramator sp. The granular reactor was more microbial diversity and more balance between economic efficiency in term of the hydrogen production rate and technical efficiency in term of hydrogen yield. (C) 2018 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.