In the present work, we focus on the development of CePO4-CeO2 composite nanorods with peroxidase mimetic activity for the sensitive detection of hydrogen peroxide and glucose. The Ce3+/PO43- molar ratio (CP10:1, CP5:1, CP2:1) in the hydrothermal reaction controlled the formation of pure CePO4, CePO4-CeO2 composite nanozymes with different percentages of CeO2, and its crystal structure. A higher Ce3+/PO43- molar ratio (CP10:1 or CP5:1) was required to obtain CePO4-CeO2 composite nanostructure, while a lower Ce3+/PO43- molar (CP2:1) ratio was sufficient to fabricate pure CePO4 nanorods. In the presence of hydrogen peroxide, the prepared nanozymes catalyze the oxidation of chromogenic substrate 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB). Steady state kinetic analysis based on the Michaelis-Menten model revealed that CP10:1 showed excellent affinity toward the TMB (K-m = 0.236 mM and V-max = 8.78 x 10(-8) M s(-1)) in comparison to the catalytic activity of CP5:1 and CP2:1 and horseradish peroxidase (K-m = 0.434 mM and V-max = 10.0 x 10(-8) M s(-1)). The superior peroxidase activity of CePO4-CeO2 composite nanozymes can be ascribed to the enhanced redox switching between Ce3+ <-> Ce4+ sites from the CePO4 and CeO2 lattice, respectively. The colorimetric detection of hydrogen peroxide and glucose showed a linear response around 150 mu M concentration with the limits of detection (LOD) of 2.9 and 4.1 mu M, respectively.