Coal seam water infusion is a universal comprehensive mine disaster prevention method practiced worldwide. The result of water infusion is determined by the structure and seepage characteristics of the coal sample around the borehole. In this paper, the structure and seepage characteristics of the coal sample under various stress and pore water pressures are measured via nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technology; the influence rule of confining pressure and pore water pressure during the test on the coal sample structure and seepage characteristics is analyzed. Based on fractal geometrical theory, the fractal model of permeability is created. The results show that the coal sample with water infusion has an intertwined internal fracture-pore structure and that the pore radius distribution is diverse. Through theoretical analysis and discussion, we found that there are no large changes in the pore area fractal dimension and the measured pore volume fractal dimension, but the trends of changes in these two fractal dimensions are opposite, because the pore area fractal dimension characterizes the homogeneity of the pore area distribution on the surface of a coal sample, and the measured pore volume fractal dimension characterizes the cumulative volumetric changes in the pores inside a coal sample. The changes in these two fractal dimensions validate that the pore structures inside a coal sample have similar in fractal characteristics and demonstrate that the coal seam water infusion technique will not damage the skeleton of the coal sample. The variation rules of theoretical permeability from the fractal model and the value from the liquid measurement versus confining pressure and pore water pressure are consistent, an increase in the water pressure will result in an increase in the permeability, and an increase in the confining pressure will result in a decrease in the permeability. However, because the seepage channels with a large diameter in the tested coal sample were blocked, there is a relatively large difference between the two permeabilities. Therefore, increasing the connectivity between the seepage channels with a large diameter will improve the effects of water infusion, which is implemented to prevent disasters. Through NMR experiment and theoretical analysis, this study establishes a quantitative relationship between the pore structures inside the coal sample and its permeability during coal seam water infusion process, provides an advanced experimental approach and theoretical analysis method, which will be of great importance in the improvement in the water infusion process implemented in deep working coal seams to prevent disasters and in the determination of the range of application of this process and the evaluation metrics for this process.