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Journal of Membrane Science, Vol.559, 183-195, 2018
Mechanism of pore wetting in membrane distillation with alcohol vs. surfactant
Pore wetting is a unique and important technical challenge that can lead to process failure in membrane distillation (MD) using hydrophobic membranes. While it is well known that both low-surface-tension and water miscible liquids, such as alcohols, and amphiphilic molecules, such as surfactants, are effective wetting agents, the detailed mechanisms for these agents to induce pore wetting remain unclear. In particular, the role of surface adsorption in surfactant-induced wetting remains to be elucidated. This study provides fundamental insights to understanding the mechanism of pore wetting induced by these two different wetting agents. Using a recently developed wetting monitoring technique based on single-frequency transmembrane impedance, we experimentally probe the kinetics of wetting frontier propagation. We demonstrate that ethanol-induced wetting is instantaneous whereas surfactant-induced wetting is dynamic with its kinetic rate dependent on several critical factors. We also develop a theoretical model, based on the assumption of quasi-equilibrium adsorption, to successfully explain the important features experimentally observed in surfactant-induced wetting. Specifically, it was found that the kinetics of surfactant-induced wetting strongly depends on the vapor flux and the bulk concentration of surfactants in the feed solution, but surprisingly not on the transmembrane hydraulic pressure difference. The results from our study also suggest that while the presence of surfactants promotes wetting, adsorption of surfactants onto pore surface actually deters pore wetting instead of promoting it by rendering the surface hydrophilic.