Membrane technology has been broadly utilized in water purification including wastewater treatment, seawater or brackish water desalination. However, it often suffers from the severe membrane fouling due to the nonspecific interactions between membrane surface and foulants. Antifouling membrane surface construction thus becomes an everlasting and ubiquitous issue, where chemistry plays a critical role in membrane material design, hierarchical structure manipulation, antifouling mechanism integration and separation performance intensification. Many emerging chemistries enable the rational design and construction of state-of-the-art antifouling membrane surfaces. This review will highlight the recent progress in antifouling membrane surface construction with a focus on five promising classes of chemistries: bioinspired adhesion chemistry, supramolecular chemistry, mineralization chemistry, click chemistry and coupling chemistry. The contribution of chemistries to the physico-chemical structure, antifouling properties, separation performance and long-term durability of membranes will be elaborated. Major challenges and perspectives on future directions of chemistries in antifouling membrane surface construction will also be tentatively delineated.