Production of alternative, clean aviation fuel from biomass synthesis gas via Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis has attracted much attention. In this paper, Al-SBA-15 supported cobalt catalysts with different Al/Si ratios were successfully prepared for the production of aviation fuel by FT synthesis. The physical and acidic properties of the Co/Al-SBA-15 catalysts were characterized by XRF, XRD, N-2 adsorption-desorption, TEM, H-2-TPR, Al-27 NMR, NH3-TPD, and Py-FTIR. The formation of long-chain hydrocarbons was inhibited by the ordered mesoporous structure. Fischer-Tropsch activity and selectivity were demonstrated to be affected by the acidity of the Al-SBA-15 supports. The selectivity turned to lighter iso-paraffin products. Co-based catalyst with Al/Si ratio of 0.01 exhibited the highest selectivity (52.4%) for aviation fuel (C-8-C-18 products) and much higher ratio of iso-paraffin/normal-paraffin (iso/n) (20.2%). This study might provide useful information for the selective production of aviation fuel via FT synthesis.