Research on macroscopic characteristic parameters of coal spontaneous combustion under adiabatic oxidation conditions helps in the early detection of self-ignition of coal oxidation even coal fires. To achieve this aim, a mini combustion furnace for studying self-ignition of coal was designed and constructed. The coal sample came from Huang Lin coal mine, Shaanxi province, China. Then, the variations in temperature, gas ratios, oxygen consumption rate, heat intensity, and limit parameters were studied. Results show that during the process of coal oxidation, coal temperature and gas concentrations inside the furnace vary with the change of time, air leakage intensity, and heat dissipation condition. The variation trends of macroscopic characteristic parameters during the entire process of coal spontaneous combustion in a certain range of temperature under various oxygen concentrations can be applied for temperature prediction and fire prevention of coal.