Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Vol.805, 24-31, 2017
Electrocatalytic determination of clopidogrel using Bi2O3-Pp-AP/GCE by differential pulse voltammetry in pharmaceutical productions
In this work a novel Bi2O3-Pp-AP/GCE for electrocatalytic determination of clopidogrel is introduced. The fabrication of the electrode was carried out by simultaneous anodic polymerization of p-aminophenol and oxidation of coated bismuth layer on a glassy carbon electrode. The prepared electrode was characterized by CV, FT-IR (ATR), H-NMR, SEM, EDS and a suitable mechanism for electropolymerization of p-aminophenol is proposed. The electrocatalytic effect of Bi2O3 on determination of clopidogrel is discussed and its probable mechanism offered. This electrode was used for determination of clopidogrel in pharmaceutical productions by differential pulse voltammetry and there is a good linear relationship between concentrations of clopidogrel in the range of 3 x 10(-6)-1 x 10(-3) mol L-1 and obtained areas of voltammograms. The limit of quantification (LOQ) is calculated to be 2.5 x 10(-6) mol L-1. The relative standard deviation (RSD) for 1 x 10(-5) mol L-1 of clopidogrel was 2.5% (n = 5). One of the most important advantages of the fabricated electrode is its stability with time and it is not necessary to renew the surface of the electrode after each measurement. This electrode was successfully applied for measurement of clopidogrel in pharmaceutical preparations directly, which means there is no need to separate the excipients of the tablets for analysis. There is also a good agreement between the results of this method and USP standard method by UV spectrometry.