The influence of acid surface dissolution as a pretreatment method on the improvement of ilmenite selective flotation from olivine-pyroxene was studied by carrying out the flotation experiments in micro and laboratory (flotation cell) scales. The microflotation experiments show that after surface dissolution, the flotation recovery of ilmenite improves from 73.5% to 92.1% at a pH of 6.3, while that of olivine-pyroxene decreases from 59.6% to 44.6%. The improvement of ilmenite floatability is in good accordance with the relative content of Fe3+ in ilmenite surface which increases from 48.5% to 59.8% after surface dissolution as evidenced by XPS analysis. This conversion increases the formation of an insoluble layer of ferric iron oleate, and enhances ilmenite hydrophobicity. FTIR spectra and zeta potential measurements indicated that the adsorption of oleate ions on the surface of olivine-pyroxene decreases significantly after surface dissolution. As evidenced by ICP analysis, this can be due to the dissolution of Fe cations as the active sites from the olivine-pyroxene surface. The cell flotation experiments show that before surface dissolution, an optimal concentrate with 21.2% TiO2 and 78.3% recovery is achieved using 1000 g/t sodium oleate, 100 g/t Pb(NO3)(2) (activator) and 80 g/t quebracho (depressant). After surface dissolution, the best concentrate containing 25.6% TiO2 and 80.6% recovery is obtained in the presence of 1000 g/t collector and 100 g/t activator without any depressant agent. As a general result, the acid surface dissolution pretreatment enhances the selectivity of ilmenite flotation and its separation efficiency. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.