Virtual crack closure technique and elastoplastic finite element method were employed to calculate the stress intensity factors (SIF) of ceramic materials on the tip of both half-penny crack (HPC) and radial crack (RC) induced by Vickers indenter and the value of fracture toughness (K-IC) was extracted by the design of equi-SIF contour of HPC and RC crack front. Through dimensional theorem and regressive analysis, a functional relationship between instrumented indentation parameters, crack length of Vickers impression and fracture toughness of ceramic materials was established, thus a novel methodology has been presented for measuring fracture toughness of ceramic materials by instrumented Vickers indentation. Both numerical analysis and experiments have indicated that this methodology enjoys higher measurement precision compared with other available indentation methods. The methodology is universally suitable for HPC, RC as well as transition cracks and capable of determining fracture toughness and elastic modulus in a single indentation test. In addition, it saves the effort of measuring the diagonal length of Vickers impression in case that the impression remains unclear.