Significant attention has been paid to closed-loop reverse electrodialysis (RED) systems using a thermolytic solution for low-grade waste heat energy recovery. They have several cost benefits when compared with open-loop RED with seawater and river water, such as no need of repetitive pretreatment and removal of locational constraints. This study presents the model of RED using ammonium bicarbonate (NH4HCO3), one of the promising solutes for the closed-loop RED, whose ionization has not been clarified. Because of the unclarified electrochemical information of NH4HCO3 electrolyte, the Planck Henderson equation was used to approximate the membrane potential based on conductivity measurements, and the solution resistance was experimentally computed. Furthermore, the experimentally obtained permselectivity of the membrane was applied for a more precise estimate of the membrane potential. We found that the developed NH4HCO3-RED model was in good agreement with the experimental results under various operating conditions. We also characterized the net power density, which considers the pumping loss, by using our model. In our system, the maximum net power density of 0.84 W/m(2) was obtained with an intermembrane distance of 0.1 mm, a flow rate of 3 mL/min, and a concentration ratio of 200 (2 M/0.01 M) as optimum conditions. We expect that this study will improve our understanding of the NH4HCO3-RED system and contribute to relevant modeling studies, using NH4HCO3 or some other compounds, for generating higher energy densities. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.