This paper analyses recent trends in Chinese investment in the European energy sector. These investments have increased in size, targeted a wider number of countries and entered multiple energy sectors, in particular fossil, renewable energies and energy infrastructure. We highlight the significant opportunities for, as well as the political and economic risks of, Chinese investments in the European energy sector. On the one hand, the benefits can be substantial, as China's new role as a global investor offers substantial economic benefits and political partnership. Further benefits might potentially emerge from backward linkages of Chinese investments to improve access to China's restricted markets. Yet, our findings also point to growing concerns among policymakers and business managers in Europe, ranging from worries about unfair competition and economic risks to concerns about national security. We conclude with policy recommendations for the European Union and its member states. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.