Two thioredoxin (Trx) reductases (Trr1/2) are known to play overlapping roles in the yeast Trx-Trr redox system but are generally unexplored in filamentous fungi, which possess multiple Trx homologues. This study seeks to characterize the functions of Trr1 and Trr2 in Beauveria bassiana, a filamentous fungal insect pathogen, and to probe their Trx partners. Both Trr1 and Trr2 were evidently localized in the cytoplasm of B. bassiana, unlike the two yeast homologues that have been reported to localize in the cytoplasm and mitochondria, respectively. Most of the six trx genes were greatly upregulated at the transcriptional level in the absence of trr1 instead of trr2 in B. bassiana, in which the trr1/2 double deletion failed in many attempts. Deletion of trr1 resulted in increased Trx activity, severe cysteine auxotrophy, and drastically reduced activities of peroxidases and superoxide dismutases under normal or oxidative conditions despite little change in catalase activity. Such changes disappeared in the absence of trr2 and were completely restored by complementation of trr1/2 or overexpression of trx1/6 in the Delta trr1 mutant, but were not restored at all by overexpression of trx2/3/4/5 or trr2 in the same mutant. All of these mutants exhibited similar trends of changes in the antioxidant response, conidiation, germination, thermotolerance, UV-B resistance, and virulence. Taken together, the findings indicate that Trr1 could reduce Trx2-5 and hence dominate the intracellular redox state, profoundly affecting the potential of B. bassiana against arthropod pests. Trr2 could reduce Trx1/6 but function only in the absence of Trr1.