Nanocomposite materials based on poly(vinyl alcohol), cellulose, polystyrene, and styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer are synthesized by IR pyrolysis, and their structures are studied by FTIR spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffraction. It is found that the composites show catalytic activity in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. An explanation is provided for the high catalytic activity of the test systems.