Novel carbon fiber microelectrode (CFME) and flow cell experiments were used to investigate electrode treatments for vanadium flow batteries (VFBs). Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) on CFMEs showed that electrode treatments at positive potentials enhance the kinetics of V2+/V3+ and inhibit the kinetics of VO2+/VO2+, while electrode treatments at negative potentials inhibit the kinetics of V2+/V3+ and enhance the kinetics of VO2+/VO2+. XPS analysis showed changes in oxygen-containing species on electrode surfaces after treatment, supporting the suggestion that such species are responsible for the observed effects. The kinetics of VO2+/VO2+ are significantly faster than that of V2+/V3+. Based on the CFME results, the range of potential experienced by a negative electrode in a flow cell during operation corresponds to a region where it is being deactivated by reduction, and the redox potential of the positive half-cell falls in a region where the electrode is activated for the V2+/V3+ reaction. This is supported by flow cell experiments which showed that the overpotential at the negative electrode increases with charge-discharge cycling but decreases significantly when the positive and negative electrolytes are interchanged. Periodic electrolyte interchange and other in-situ electrochemical treatments of electrodes may be a practical means of improving voltage efficiency in VFBs. (C) The Author(s) 2016. Published by ECS. All rights reserved.