The simultaneous treatment of nitrate (NO3-N similar to 50 mg L-1) and domestic wastewater (ammonia (NH4+-N) similar to 60.6 mg L-1, COD similar to 166.3 mg L-1) via a novel partial denitrification (PD)-ANaerobic AMMonium OXidation (ANAMMOX) process was investigated at low temperature (12.9 similar to 15.1 degrees C). Results showed that desirable performance was achieved with average NO3-N, NH4+-N and COD removal efficiencies of 89.5%, 97.6% and 78.7%, respectively. However, deteriorated sludge settleability in PD reactor was observed during operation, which bulked with serious sludge wash-out, leading to excess NO3-N remaining in PD effluent. Fortunately, a satisfactory nitrogen removal was still achieved due to the occurrence of partial denitrification in ANAMMOX reactor. This was demonstrated by high-throughput sequencing, which revealed that the high nitrite (NO2-N) production denitrifying bacteria of Thauera was detected (6.1%). ANAMMOX (above 70%) maintained the dominant pathway for nitrogen removal, and Candidatus Jettenia was identified as the major ANAMMOX species accounted for 2.7%. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.