The Italian Ministry for Economic Development recently started a new incentive program for biomethane grid injection and biomethane for transportation. This opens up new opportunities for more efficient utilization of agricultural biogas, which in the past was mainly used in Italy for power only solutions. Because of the wider range of feasible options, entrepreneurs and local authorities need support tools to identify optimal alternatives, from an economic and environmental viewpoint, respectively. Thus, a biomass supply chain optimization model, including current costs and new incentives for biogas exploitation, is introduced in this paper. The model is used to explore the impact of Italian energy policies on the profitability of alternative biogas utilization pathways in two regional cases studies, characterized by different penetration of CNG refueling stations. The effect of local factors on energy vectors share and on GHG emission reduction are investigated with factor analysis. It is found that CBM production represents the most profitable choice for entrepreneurs under current levels of bio-methane incentives, however because of the small Italian CBM market size it risks to be overly subsidized. Allocating funds to promote a further expansion of CNG would probably help CBM development and benefits more than increasing specific incentives. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.