As bioenergy plantations are a relatively new phenomenon, long-term experimental data on their productivity and tolerance to environmental stress that provides a robust framework for site selection and potential productivity assessment is still lacking. To address this need, we developed a method to correlate the productivity of bioenergy plantations with local climate using tree-ring chronologies. Tree-ring width from 37 Populus nigra (age > 115 y) and 368 poplar hybrid (Populus nigra x Populus maximowiczii) (9-12 y) individuals were collected and analyzed at demonstration sites in the Czech Republic. The growth of mature, naturally grown solitary native trees and young congeneric hybrids grown in high density (similar to 10,000 ha(-1)) showed statistically significant correlations (r = 0.71, p < 0.05). Further, we found significant (p < 0.05) and consistent growth responses to changes in key seasonal climatic parameters (e.g., mean air temperature, number of dry days or cumulative heat sum (degree-days) during the growing season) for both natives and their hybrids. The analysis of climate conditions and the tree-ring records revealed a gradual change of climatic conditions since the 1930s, positively affecting poplar growth and indicated that longer rather than shorter harvest cycles are preferable to ensure stable yields at our experimental site. (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd.