Ubiquitin-specific peptidase 5 (USP5) has been demonstrated to be critical for the production of Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), a pivotal mediator for inflammatory responses. Besides, USP5 regulates p53 activation and DNA repair. However, the mechanism underlying the regulation of USP5, especially its responsible E3 ligase is still unclear. Here we found that Smad ubiquitination regulatory factor 1 (Smurf1) down regulated protein expression of USP5, and the E3 enzyme activity of Smurf1 was required for this function. We also revealed that Smurf1 interacted with USP5 and mediated its degradation via the ubiquitin proteasome pathway. Consequently, Smurf1 inhibited the production of TNF-alpha through down regulation of USP5. Taken together, our study for the first time clarified that the E3 ligase Smurf1 regulates USP5 protein stability and USP5-mediated TNF-alpha production through the ubiquitin proteasome pathway. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.