The lowering phosphorus concentration of lakes or rivers using adsorbents has been considered to be the most effective way to prevent water eutrophication. However, the development of an adsorbent is still challenging because conventional adsorbents have not shown a sufficient phosphorus adsorption capacity (0.3-2.0 mmol/g) to treat industrial, agricultural or domestic wastewater at a large scale. Herein, a novel and effective strategy to remove phosphorus efficiently with a CeO2-covered nanofiber is shown. The CeO2-covered nanofiber was synthesized through (1) amine group immobilization onto an electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofiber and (2) adsorption of Ce3+ on it. The CeO2-covered nanofiber played a role in catching phosphate ions in an aqueous solution by the oxidation, reduction, and ion-exchange of adsorbed Ce3+ on the nanofiber from CeO2 to CePO4, and enabled remarkable phosphate adsorption capacity of the nanofiber (ca. 17.0 mmol/g) at the range of ca. pH 2-6. Our strategy might be the most feasible method to efficiently lower the phosphorus concentration in lakes or rivers owing to the easy and inexpensive preparation of CeO2-covered nanofiber at an industrial scale, with a high phosphate adsorption capacity. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.