Secondary effluent from wastewater treatment plants is suitable media for cultivating microalgae as a renewable energy source, and hydraulic retention time (HRT) control in culture is important to conduct well-planned outdoor indigenous microalgae cultivation with secondary effluent. This study revealed cultivation characteristics under various HRT by continuous 6-month experiments. In addition, effects of HRT on cultivation were determined by a mathematical model that described indigenous microalgae growth. Cultivated biomass mainly consisted of Chlorophyceae and its detritus regardless of HRT, and 5.93-14.8 g/m(2)/day of biomass yield was obtained. The cultivated biomass had a stable higher heating value of 16 kJ/g. Sensitivity analysis of the model suggests that HRT control had great effects on biomass yield, and 2-3 days of HRT were recommended to obtain maximum biomass yield under certain weather conditions (temperature: approximately 12-25 degrees C and solar radiation: approximately 8-19 MJ/m(2)/day). (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.