Synaptic plasticity in the cerebellar cortex contributes to motor learning. In particular, long-term depression at excitatory parallel fiber Purkinje neuron synapses has been intensively studied as a primary cellular mechanism for motor learning. Recent studies showed that synaptic plasticity other than long-term depression such as long-term potentiation at inhibitory interneuron Purkinje neuron synapses called rebound potentiation is also involved in motor learning. It was suggested that long-term depression and rebound potentiation might synergistically support motor learning. Here, we have examined induction conditions of long-term depression and rebound potentiation in cultured rat Purkinje neurons, and found that both of them were induced simultaneously by certain patterns of depolarization of a Purkinje neuron. Further, we found that long-term depression was induced by shorter depolarizing pulses causing a smaller intracellular Ca2+ increase than rebound potentiation. These results support an idea that long-term depression and rebound potentiation synergistically contribute to motor learning, and suggest that long-term depression may play a primary role in wider variety of motor learning paradigms than rebound potentiation. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.