Heliobacterium modesticaldum is an anaerobic photosynthetic bacterium that grows optimally at pH 6-7 and 52 degrees C and is the only phototrophic member of the Firmicutes phylum family (gram-positive bacteria with low GC content). The ATP synthase of H. modesticaldum was isolated and characterized at the biochemical and biophysical levels. The isolated holoenzyme exhibited the subunit patterns of F-type ATP synthases containing a 5-subunit hydrophilic F-1 subcomplex and a 3-subunit hydrophobic F-0 subcomplex. ATP hydrolysis by the isolated HF1F0 ATP synthase was successfully detected after pretreatment with different detergents by an in-gel ATPase activity assay, which showed that the highest activity was detected in the presence of mild detergents such as LDAO; moreover, high catalytic activity in the gel was already detected after the initial incubation period of 0.5 h. In contrast, HF1F0 showed extremely low ATPase activity in harsher detergents such as TODC. The isolated fully functional enzyme will form the basis for future structural studies. Published by Elsevier Inc.