For graphite/LiMn2O4 based lithium-ion batteries, we have successfully improved the charge/discharge capacity retention during high temperature cycling at 60 degrees C by addition of proper amount of 1,2-bis (difluoromethylsilyl) ethane (FSE) into the electrolyte as an additive. In addition, the additive also suppresses self-discharge in a storage test at 60 degrees C for 7 days. Detailed surface analyses of graphite negative electrodes by electron microscopy, synchrotron X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and time of flight secondary ion spectroscopy, indicate that silicon and fluorine-containing thin layer is formed by FSE decomposition and deposited on the graphite negative electrode surface, which effectively protects the graphite negative electrode during the high temperature cycling and storage. The silicon-and fluorine-containing surface layer suppresses the degradation of the negative electrode caused by deposition of manganese, resulting from Mn2+ dissolution from LiMn2O4, and prevents self-discharge due to excess decomposition of electrolyte on the surface. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.