A feasibility study was carried out to assess the cultivation of Anammox bacteria in lab-scale closed sponge-bed trickling filter (CSTF) reactors, namely: CSTF-1 at 20 degrees C and CSTF-2 at 30 degrees C. Stable conditions were reached from day 66 in CSTF-2 and from day 104 in CSTF-1. The early stability of CSTF-2 is attributable to the influence of temperature; nevertheless, by day 405, the nitrogen removal performed by CSTF-1 increased up to similar values of CSTF-2. The maximum total nitrogen removal efficiency was 82% in CSTF-1 and 84% in CSTF-2. After more than 400 days of operation, CSTF-1 and CSTF-2 were capable to attain a total nitrogen removal efficiency of 74 +/- 5% and 78 +/- 4% with a total nitrogen conversion rate of 1.52 and 1.60 kg-N/m(sponge) (3) d, respectively. The proposed technology could be a suitable alternative for mainstream nitrogen removal in post-treatment units via the Anammox conversion pathway. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.