Anaerobic-oxic membrane bioreactor (AOMBR) has been proposed as a highly effective method in municipal and industrial wastewater treatment. In this study, according to the sewage treatment system in a campus, long-term experiments were conducted to assess the impacts of the sludge retention time (SRT) on sludge characteristics and membrane fouling, and the sludge parameters include biomass concentration, particle size distribution, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), soluble microbial products (SMPs), and specific resistance to filtration (SRF). Our results clearly demonstrated that SRT was one of the most important factors influencing sludge characteristics, and different sludge characteristics resulted in different membrane fouling degrees. A better treatment and filtration performances were observed at the SRT of 30 days compared to two SRTs of 10 and 90 days. Among these parameters, SMP had the most significant correlation with the membrane fouling rate (dTMP/dt), and it had a negative impact on membrane filtration performance. The impact of SRT on membrane fouling process was discussed further by filtration models. At 10 days SRT, the complete-standard blocking model curve had a comparatively higher goodness-of-fit with the fouling process, and at 30 and 90 days SRT, the cake-standard blocking model curve had a relatively higher goodness-of-fit with respective fouling process.