Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries, Vol.9, No.2, 173-181, 1996
Hazards from propane BLEVEs: An update and proposal for emergency responders
Recent fire tests of 400-litre automotive propane tanks has provided some new data on hazards from boiling liquid expanding vapour explosions (BLEVEs). Of the 40 fire tests conducted, 13 resulted in BLEVEs. The hazards from these included fireballs, projectiles and blast, This paper presents a simple analysis of the projectile hazards and compares the results with other projectile data from fire tests and accidents ending with BLEVEs. Then, the projectile hazards are compared with existing correlations for the hazards from blast and fireballs. Finally, a proposal is presented for working distances as a function of tank scale, for emergency responders dealing with potential propane or LPG BLEVEs. Projectile, blast and fireball hazard distances have been normalized in terms of a single distance unit - fireball radii. When presented in this way the hazards from a BLEVE can be summarized together, for various tank scales, in a simple and logical way. The proposal applies to accidents where a propane or LPG tank has suffered a significant loss of strength and therefore a BLEVE is possible. The loss of strength may be due to impact damage, or severe fire exposure. In this situation it is proposed that emergency responders should set up an observation position upwind and to the side (not the ends) of a damaged tank, at a position no closer than four fireball radii, to a minimum of 90 m. In this case the fireball radii has been calculated from the expression R = 3 m(0.33), where m is the propane mass in kg, and R is the fireball radii in metres. At this position the responders will be reasonably safe from fireball, blast and projectile effects. At 4R, the radiant heat flux should be less than 21 kW m(-2), the blast should be less than 30 mbar, and most (80-90%) projectiles should fall short of this distance. However, some projectiles can and will go further than four fireball radii and therefore responders are urged to stay further back if possible. The public should be evacuated to a minimum distance of 15 fireball radii, 30 if possible.