Thermodynamic stability of graphitic diamond films produced from catalytic chemical vapour deposition reactor

S.E. Iyuke; M.O. Daramola; P. Mokena; A. Marshall

Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol.30, 336-341, October, 2015

DOI10.1016/j.jiec.2015.06.003 Export Citation

Thermodynamic stability of graphitic diamond films produced from catalytic chemical vapour deposition reactor

S.E. Iyuke^†, M.O. Daramola^†, P. Mokena, and A. Marshall

School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa

E-mail:,

Thermodynamic stability of synthetic diamond films, produced at 1000-1100 °C from a swirled- continuous Catalytic Chemical Vapour Deposition (CCVD) reactor, is reported. Simple photographs of the as-produced samples displayed several colours that characterize typical beam diffraction spectra of diamond. Raman spectrum revealed a single sharp diamond peak at 1381.4 cm-1 and graphite peaks of 1560 and 1360 cm-1, confirming formation of graphitic carbons and production of graphitic diamond. The quantity of the as-prepared diamond was proportional to the acetylene to hydrogen ratio used in the reactor feed and the apparent proportional relationship between the acetylene and hydrogen ratio and the quantity of diamonds produced only holds at sufficient quantity of acetylene. The synthesized diamond films were unstable at temperature of 90 °C, but displayed phase stability when stored at room temperature in a dark cupboard for 1.5 years. However, presence of impurities in the diamond films negatively affects their thermodynamic stability, and effective purification method to remove the impurities could improve the thermodynamic stability.

Keywords:CCVD;Diamond films;Graphite;Carbon nanotubes;Thermodynamic stability

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[2] Mubarak NM, Abdullah EC, Jayakumar NS, Sahu JN, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 20(4), 1186 (2014)

[3] Mubarak NM, Sahu JN, Abdullah EC, Jayakumar NS, Ganesan P, Diam. Relat. Mat., 48, 52 (2014)

[4] Singh C, Shaffer MSP, Windle AH, Carbon, 41, 359 (2003)

[5] Velasquez C, Batiot-Dupeyrat J, Gallego AS, Diam. Relat. Mat., 50, 38 (2014)

[6] Lan M, Fan G, Chen Q, Li F, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 20(4), 1523 (2014)

[7] Park SS, Kim YH, Jeon YH, Hyun MT, Kim NJ, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 24, 276 (2015)

[8] Simate GS, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 21, 1277 (2015)

[9] Maphutha S, Mooth K, Meyyappan M, Iyuke SE, Sci. Rep., 3, 1509 (2013)

[10] Chen YC, Lu C, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 20(4), 2521 (2014)

[11] Sobhanardakani S, Farmany A, Abbasi S, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 20(5), 3214 (2014)

[12] Ward F, Diamonds, Gem Book Publishers, California, USA, 1998.

[13] Raty J, Galli G, Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. Nanodiamonds, Marcel Dekker Inc, California, 2004.

[14] Latto MN, The Electrochemistry of Diamon, (PhD thesis), University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, 2001, http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/pt/diamond/mattthesis/chapter1.htm.

[15] Muchnikov AB, Vikharev AL, Raohshev DB, Isaev VA, Ivanov OA, Letters, 139, 1 (2015)

[16] Guencheva V, Grantscharova E, Gututzow I, Res. Technol., 36(12), 1411 (2001)

[17] Bundy FP, J. Geophys. Res., 85, 6930 (1980)

[18] Laidler JK, Meiser HJ, Physical Chemistry, third ed., Houghton Mifflin Co., New York, NY, 1999.

[19] Horio M, Chem. Eng. Sci., 51(1), 3033 (1996)

[20] Iyuke SE, Swirled fluidized bed chemical vapour deposition reactor. University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. SA Patent Appl. No: 2005/03438, 2005.

[21] Hou YQ, Zhuang DM, Zhang G, Wu MS, Liu JJ, Appl. Surf. Sci., 185(3-4), 303 (2002)

[22] Wang QS, Fabrication of Superhard Materials, Standards press of China, 2002.

[23] Ferrari AC, Robertson J, Phys. Rev., B, Condens. Matter, 61(20), 14095 (2000)

[24] Tuinstra F, Koening JL, J. Chem. Phys., 53, 1126 (1970)

[25] Thomsen C, Reich S, Phys. Rev. Lett., 85(24), 5214 (2000)

[26] Castiglioni C, Di Donato E, Tommasini M, Negri F, Zerbi G, Synth. Met., 139, 885 (2003)

[27] Piscanec S, Lazzeri M, Mauri F, Ferrari AC, Robertson J, Phys. Rev. Lett., 93, 185503 (2004)

[28] Dresselhaus MS, Kalish R, Ion Implantation in Diamond Graphite and Related Materials, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1992.

[29] Prins JF, Derry TE, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B-Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms, 166-167, 364 (2000)

[30] Gippius AA, Khmelnitskiy RA, Dravin VA, Tkachenko SD, Diam. Relat. Mat., 8(8-9), 1631 (1999)

[31] Gippius AA, Khmelnitsky RA, Dravin VA, Khomich AV, Diam. Relat. Mat., 12, 538 (2003)

[32] Badziag P, Verwoerd WS, Ellis WP, Greiner NR, Nature, 343, 244 (1990)

[33] Sommer M, Mui K, Smith FW, Solid State Commun., 69, 775 (1989)

[34] Yarbrough WA, Inspektor A, Messier R, The chemical vapour deposition of diamond, in: Pouch JJ, Alterovich SA (Eds.), Properties and Characterization of Amorphous Carbon Films, Trans. Tech., Aedermannsdorf, Switzerland, 1992, pp. 151-174.

[35] Piekarczyk W, Roy R, Messier R, J. Cryst. Growth, 98, 765 (1989)