Chlorinated breakdown products formed during oxidation of adsorbed phenol by electrochemical regeneration of a graphite intercalation compound

S.N. Hussain; H.M.A. Asghar; H. Sattar; N.W. Brown; E.P.L. Roberts

Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol.30, 212-219, October, 2015

DOI10.1016/j.jiec.2015.05.024 Export Citation

Chlorinated breakdown products formed during oxidation of adsorbed phenol by electrochemical regeneration of a graphite intercalation compound

S.N. Hussain^†, H.M.A. Asghar, H. Sattar¹, N.W. Brown², and E.P.L. Roberts

School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom, UK
¹Institute of Chemical Engineering & Technology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
²Arvia Technology Ltd, The Innovation Centre, Sci-Tech Daresbury, Keckwick Lane, Daresbury WA4 4FS, Cheshire, United Kingdom, UK

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The process of adsorption using graphite intercalation compound (GIC) adsorbent with electrochemical regeneration has been investigated for the removal and oxidation of phenol in wastewater. The present study deals with the formation of chlorinated breakdown products released in treated water during electrochemical regeneration of GIC adsorbents. The main chlorinated breakdown products observed were 2-chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol with lower concentrations of 2,4-dichlorophenol than 2-chlorophenol and 4-chlorophenol. Experiments performed at low current density (≤10 mA cm-2), low initial phenol concentration (10 mg L-1), and use of a chloride free catholyte minimised the concentration of chlorinated breakdown products. In addition, only a few mg L-1 of 2,4-dichlorphenol and 3,5-dichlorophenol were observed after five adsorption cycles operated in batch recycle mode for an initial phenol concentration of 50 mg L-1. The formation of chlorinated breakdown products was found largely to be associated with the oxidation of phenol from solution as opposed to the adsorbed phenol. These results have important implications in reducing the formation of chlorinated breakdown products during wastewater treatment by adsorption and electrochemical regeneration.

Keywords:Chlorinated breakdown products;Phenol;Adsorption;Electrochemical regeneration;Graphite intercalation compound

[References]

Levec J, Pintar A, Catal. Today, 24(1-2), 51 (1995)
Martinez-Huitle CA, Ferro S, Chem. Soc. Rev., 35, 1324 (2006)
Bansal RC, Goyal M, Activated Carbon Adsorption, Taylor and Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL, 2005.
Halhouli KA, Darwish NA, Aldhoon NM, Sep. Sci. Technol., 30(17), 3313 (1995)
Miguel GS, Lambert SD, Graham NJD, Water Res., 35, 2740 (2001)
Sutikno T, Himmeistein KJ, Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam., 22, 420 (1983)
Hutchinson DH, Robinson CW, Water Res., 24, 1209 (1990)
Lim JL, Okada M, Ultrason. Sonochem., 12, 277 (2005)
Minghua Z, Qizhou D, Lecheng L, Dahui W, Chin. Sci. Bull., 50, 489 (2005)
Narbaitz RM, Karimi-Jashni A, Environ. Technol., 30, 27 (2009)
Brown NW, Roberts EPL, Garforth AA, Dryfe RAW, Electrochim. Acta, 49(20), 3269 (2004)
Brown NW, Roberts EPL, Chasiotis A, Cherdron T, Sanghrajka N, Water Res., 38, 3067 (2004)
Eccleston KT, Eccleston AJ, Richards JL, Brown NW, Roberts EPL, Apparatus for the electrochemical regeneration of adsorbents. US Patent 7790024 B2, 2010.
Brown NW, Roberts EPL, J. Appl. Electrochem., 37(11), 1329 (2007)
Asghar HMA, Hussain SN, Roberts EPL, Campen AK, Brown NW, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 19(5), 1689 (2013)
Asghar HMA, Hussain SN, Brown NW, Roberts EPL, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 20(3), 781 (2014)
Asghar HMA, Hussain SN, Sattar H, Brown NW, Roberts EPL, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 20(4), 2200 (2014)
Comninellis C, Nerini A, J. Appl. Electrochem., 25(1), 23 (1995)
Hussain SN, Roberts EPL, Asghar HMA, Campen AK, Brown NW, Electrochim. Acta, 92, 20 (2013)
Hussain SN, Asghar HMA, Campen AK, Brown NW, Roberts EPL, Electrochim. Acta, 110, 550 (2013)
Rajkumar D, Kim JG, Palanivelu K, Chem. Eng. Technol., 28(1), 98 (2005)
Clesceri LS, Greenberg AE, Eaton AD, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th ed., APHA, New York, 1998.
Hussain SN, Water Treatment Using Graphite Adsorbents with Electrochemical Regeneration, University of Manachester, Manachester, 2012 (PhD Thesis).
Streat M, Patrick JW, Perez MJC, Water Res., 29, 467 (1995)
Mattson JS, Mark HB, Malbin MD, Weber WJ, Crittenden JC, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 31, 116 (1968)

[Referenced By]

[1] Levec J, Pintar A, Catal. Today, 24(1-2), 51 (1995)

[2] Martinez-Huitle CA, Ferro S, Chem. Soc. Rev., 35, 1324 (2006)

[3] Bansal RC, Goyal M, Activated Carbon Adsorption, Taylor and Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL, 2005.

[4] Halhouli KA, Darwish NA, Aldhoon NM, Sep. Sci. Technol., 30(17), 3313 (1995)

[5] Miguel GS, Lambert SD, Graham NJD, Water Res., 35, 2740 (2001)

[6] Sutikno T, Himmeistein KJ, Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam., 22, 420 (1983)

[7] Hutchinson DH, Robinson CW, Water Res., 24, 1209 (1990)

[8] Lim JL, Okada M, Ultrason. Sonochem., 12, 277 (2005)

[9] Minghua Z, Qizhou D, Lecheng L, Dahui W, Chin. Sci. Bull., 50, 489 (2005)

[10] Narbaitz RM, Karimi-Jashni A, Environ. Technol., 30, 27 (2009)

[11] Brown NW, Roberts EPL, Garforth AA, Dryfe RAW, Electrochim. Acta, 49(20), 3269 (2004)

[12] Brown NW, Roberts EPL, Chasiotis A, Cherdron T, Sanghrajka N, Water Res., 38, 3067 (2004)

[13] Eccleston KT, Eccleston AJ, Richards JL, Brown NW, Roberts EPL, Apparatus for the electrochemical regeneration of adsorbents. US Patent 7790024 B2, 2010.

[14] Brown NW, Roberts EPL, J. Appl. Electrochem., 37(11), 1329 (2007)

[15] Asghar HMA, Hussain SN, Roberts EPL, Campen AK, Brown NW, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 19(5), 1689 (2013)

[16] Asghar HMA, Hussain SN, Brown NW, Roberts EPL, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 20(3), 781 (2014)

[17] Asghar HMA, Hussain SN, Sattar H, Brown NW, Roberts EPL, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 20(4), 2200 (2014)

[18] Comninellis C, Nerini A, J. Appl. Electrochem., 25(1), 23 (1995)

[19] Hussain SN, Roberts EPL, Asghar HMA, Campen AK, Brown NW, Electrochim. Acta, 92, 20 (2013)

[20] Hussain SN, Asghar HMA, Campen AK, Brown NW, Roberts EPL, Electrochim. Acta, 110, 550 (2013)

[21] Rajkumar D, Kim JG, Palanivelu K, Chem. Eng. Technol., 28(1), 98 (2005)

[22] Clesceri LS, Greenberg AE, Eaton AD, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th ed., APHA, New York, 1998.

[23] Hussain SN, Water Treatment Using Graphite Adsorbents with Electrochemical Regeneration, University of Manachester, Manachester, 2012 (PhD Thesis).

[24] Streat M, Patrick JW, Perez MJC, Water Res., 29, 467 (1995)

[25] Mattson JS, Mark HB, Malbin MD, Weber WJ, Crittenden JC, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 31, 116 (1968)