화학공학소재연구정보센터
홈 로그인 로그아웃 연락처 사이트맵
Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, Vol.32, No.8, 1586-1597, August, 2015
DOI10.1007/s11814-014-0380-0  Export Citation
On the positive role of doping Cu and N2 on TiO2 in improving dye degradation efficiency: Providing reaction mechanisms
Mohammad Ebrahim Olya, and Azam Pirkarami†
  • Department of Environmental Research, Institute for Color Science and Technology, P. O. Box 16765-654, Tehran, Iran
E-mail:
This paper reports an investigation into the effect of a number of operating factors on the removal of Ponceau 4R (Acid Red 18) from an aqueous solution through photodegradation in the presence of nitrogen. N2 was doped in situ on Cu-TiO2. The photocatalyst was UV/TiO2-Cu applied in suspension to the solution to achieve a larger catalyst surface area. The optimal values of photocatalyst dose, dye concentration, and pH were found to be 0.8mg L.1, 20mg L.1, and 7, respectively. The nitrogen gas was found to have a highly positive role in degradation. The aqueous solution was characterized for its COD. Photocatalyst efficiency was evaluated using XRD, SEM, and EPR techniques. The post-treatment product was characterized using FT-IR, HPLC, and GC-MS studies, intermediate compounds were detected, and a pathway was proposed for the degradation of the dye.
Keywords:UV/TiO2-Cu;Nitrogen Gas;Photodegradation;Ponceau 4R
  1. Sleiman M, Vildozo D, Ferronato C, Chovelon JM, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 77(1-2), 1 (2007)
  2. Shah V, Madamwar D, Int. Biodeter. Biodegr., 79, 1 (2013)
  3. Nakanishi M, Yatome C, Ishida N, Kitade Y, J. Biol. Chem., 276, 46394 (2001)
  4. Bonakdarpour B, Vyrides I, Stuckey DC, Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad., 65, 591 (2011)
  5. Hossain MM, Mahmud MI, Parvez MS, Cho HM, Environ. Eng. Res., 18(3), 157 (2013)
  6. Deshpande PA, Polisetti S, Madras G, Langmuir, 27(7), 3578 (2011)
  7. Suarez S, Lerna JM, Omil F, Bioresour. Technol., 100(7), 2138 (2009)
  8. Damodar RA, You SJ, Ou SH, Sep. Purif. Technol., 76(1), 64 (2010)
  9. El-Ashtoukhy ESZ, Amin NK, Abdelwahab O, Chem. Eng. J., 146(2), 205 (2009)
  10. Martinez-Huitle CA, Brillas E, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 87(3-4), 105 (2009)
  11. Pirkarami A, Olya ME, Limaee NY, Org Coat., 76, 682 (2013)
  12. Lin SH, Lo CC, Environ. Technol., 17, 841 (1996)
  13. Lau WJ, Ismail AF, Desalination, 245(1-3), 321 (2009)
  14. Khambhaty Y, Mody K, Basha S, Jha B, Chem. Eng. J., 145(3), 489 (2009)
  15. Behnajady MA, Modirshahla N, Tabrizi SB, Molanee S, J. Hazard. Mater., 152(1), 381 (2008)
  16. Wang XK, Wang JG, Guo PQ, Guo WL, Wang C, J. Hazard. Mater., 169(1-3), 486 (2009)
  17. Kitano S, Hashimoto K, Kominami H, Chem. Lett., 39(6), 627 (2010)
  18. Li XQ, Zhang TY, Gu SW, Kang SZ, Li GD, Mu J, Sep. Purif. Technol., 108, 139 (2013)
  19. Jiang X, Yang L, Liu P, Li X, Shen J, Colloids Surf. B: Biointerfaces, 79, 69 (2010)
  20. Aliabadi M, Sagharigar T, J. Appl. Environ. Biol. Sci., 12, 620 (2011)
  21. Chen X, Mao SS, Chem. Rev., 107(7), 2891 (2007)
  22. Subash B, Krishnakumar B, Velmurugan R, Swaminathan M, Sep. Purif. Technol., 101, 98 (2012)
  23. Li JQ, Li LP, Zheng L, Xian YZ, Jin LT, Electrochim. Acta, 51(23), 4942 (2006)
  24. Sharma RK, Gulati S, Pandey A, Adholeya A, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 125, 247 (2012)
  25. Dastjerdi R, Mojtahedi MRM, Shoshtari AM, J. Text I, 101, 204 (2010)
  26. Quinlan AR, Hall IM, Bioinformatics, 26, 841 (2010)
  27. Tanaka K, Reddy KSN, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 39(4), 305 (2002)
  28. Yu BB, Zeng JB, Gong LF, Zhang MS, Zhang LM, Chen X, Talanta, 72, 1667 (2007)
  29. Wang WY, Yang ML, Ku Y, Chem. Eng. J., 165(1), 273 (2010)
  30. Li JQ, Zheng L, Li LP, Xian YZ, Jin LT, J. Hazard. Mater., 139(1), 72 (2007)
  31. Devi LG, Nagaraj B, Rajashekhar KE, Chem. Eng. J., 181-182, 259 (2012)
  32. Lin WW, Cheng HY, Ming J, Yu YC, Zhao FY, J. Catal., 291, 149 (2012)
  33. Colmenares JC, Magdziarz A, Kurzydlowski K, Grzonka J, Chernyayeva O, Lisovytskiy D, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 134-135, 136 (2013)
  34. Zhang Y, Li Q, Solid State Sci., 16, 16 (2013)
  35. Ghaly MY, Farah JY, Fathy AM, Desalination, 2, 74 (2007)
  36. Saien J, Soleymani AR, J. Hazard. Mater., 144(1-2), 506 (2007)
  37. Zhang G, Choi W, Kim SH, Hong SB, J. Hazard. Mater., 188(1-3), 198 (2011)
  38. Vyas R, Sharma S, Gupta P, Vijay YK, Prasad AK, Tyagi AK, Sachdev K, Sharma SK, J. Alloy. Compd., 554, 59 (2013)
  39. Arana J, Rodriguez CF, Diaz OG, Melian JAH, Pena JP, Catal. Today, 101(3-4), 261 (2005)
  40. Arana J, Garriga C, Cabo I, Dona-Rodriguez JM, Gonzalez-Diaz O, Herrera-Melian JA, Perez-Pena J, Appl. Surf. Sci., 329, 60 (2004)
  41. Espinos JP, Morales J, Barranco A, Caballero A, Holgado JP, Gonzalez-Elipe AR, J. Phys. Chem. B, 106(27), 6921 (2002)
  42. Robert D, Dongui B, Weber JV, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A-Chem., 156, 195 (2003)
  43. Chu W, Choy WK, So TY, J. Hazard. Mater., 141(1), 86 (2007)
  44. Guimaraes IR, Giroto A, Oliveira LCA, Guerreiro MC, Lima DQ, Fabris JD, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 91(3-4), 581 (2009)
  45. Chun H, Tang YC, Tang HX, Catal. Today, 90(3-4), 325 (2004)
  46. Guerrero S, Guzman I, Aguila G, Chornik B, Araya P, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 123-124, 282 (2012)
  47. Di Paola A, Garcia-Lopez E, Marci G, Marti C, Palmisano L, Rives V, Venezia AM, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 48(3), 223 (2004)
  48. Tseng IH, Wu JCS, Chou HY, J. Catal., 221(2), 432 (2004)
  49. He C, Xiong Y, Zhu X, Catal. Commun., 4, 183 (2003)
  50. Chiang K, Amal R, Tran T, Adv. Environ. Res., 6, 471 (2002)
  51. Di Paola A, Garcia-Lopez E, Ikeda S, Marci G, Ohtani B, Palmisano L, Catal. Today, 75(1-4), 87 (2002)
  52. Carvalho HWP, Batista APL, Hammer P, Ramalho TC, J. Hazard. Mater., 184(1-3), 273 (2010)
  53. Boccuzzi F, Guglielminotti E, Martra G, Cerrato G, J. Catal., 146(2), 449 (1994)
  54. Larsson PO, Andersson A, Wallenberg LR, Svensson B, J. Catal., 163(2), 279 (1996)
  55. Xu SP, Sun DD, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy, 34(15), 6096 (2009)
  56. Xu SP, Ng JW, Zhang XW, Bai HW, Sun DD, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy, 35(11), 5254 (2010)
  57. Lee SS, Bai H, Liu Z, Sun DD, Water Res., 47, 4059 (2013)
  58. Rani S, Roy SC, Paulose M, Varghese OK, Mor GK, Kim S, Yoriya S, LaTempa TJ, Grimes CA, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 12, 2780 (2010)
  59. Asahi R, Ohwaki T, Aoki K, Taga Y, Science, 293, 269 (2001)
  60. Trejo-Tzab R, Alvarado-Gil JJ, Quintana P, Bartolo-Perez P, Catal. Today, 193(1), 179 (2012)
  61. Diwald O, Thompson TL, Goralski EG, Walck SD, Yates JT, J. Phys. Chem. B, 108(1), 52 (2004)
  62. Wang Y, Feng CX, Jin ZS, Zhang JW, Yang HJ, Zhang SL, J. Mol. Catal. A-Chem., 260(1-2), 1 (2006)
  63. Ghicov A, Macak JM, Tsuchiya H, Kunze J, Haeublein V, Kleber S, Schmuki P, Chem. Phys. Lett., 419(4-6), 426 (2006)
  64. Xu JJ, Ao YH, Chen MD, Fu DG, Chem. Phys. Lett., 256, 4397 (2010)
  65. Liu ZQ, Wang YC, Chu W, Li ZH, Ge CC, J. Alloy. Compd., 501, 54 (2010)
  66. Ananpattarachai J, Kajitvichyanukul P, Seraphin S, J. Hazard. Mater., 168(1), 253 (2009)
  67. Liu HJ, Liu GG, Shi XY, Colloids Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng. Asp., 363, 35 (2010)
  68. Pourmand M, Taghavinia N, Mater. Chem. Phys., 107(2-3), 449 (2008)
  69. Sonawane RS, Kale BB, Dongare MK, Mater. Chem. Phys., 85(1), 52 (2004)
  70. Chae YK, Mori S, Suzuki M, Thin Solid Films, 517(14), 4260 (2009)
  71. Huang CM, Chen LC, Cheng KW, Pan GT, J. Mol. Catal. A-Chem., 261(2), 218 (2007)
  72. Daneshvar N, Salari D, Khataee AR, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A-Chem., 162, 317 (2004)
  73. Olya ME, Pirkarami A, Soleimani M, Bahmaei M, J. Environ. Manage., 121, 210 (2013)
  74. Navio JA, Colon G, Trillas M, Peral J, Domenech X, Testa JJ, Padron J, Rodriguez D, Litter MI, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 16(2), 187 (1998)
  75. Botta SB, Navio JA, Hidalgo MC, Restrepo GM, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A-Chem., 129, 89 (1999)
  76. Arami M, Limaee NY, Mahmoodi NM, Tabrizi NS, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 288(2), 371 (2005)
  77. Namasivayam C, Sumithra S, J. Environ. Manage., 74, 207 (2005)
  78. Valnice M, Zanoni B, Sene J, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A-Chem., 157, 55 (2003)
  79. Shang J, Zhang YC, Zhu T, Wang Q, Song H, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 102(3-4), 464 (2011)
  80. Wang J, Guo Y, Liu B, Jin X, Liu L, Xu R, Kong Y, Wang B, Ultrason. Sonochem., 18, 177 (2011)
  81. Burton AW, Ong K, Rea T, Chan IY, Microporous Mesoporous Mater., 117, 75 (2009)
  82. Manivel A, Naveenraj S, Kumar S, Selvam P, Anandan S, Sci. Adv. Mater., 2, 51 (2010)
  83. Attwood AL, Murphy DM, Edwards JL, Egerton TA, Harrison RW, Res. Chem. Intermed., 29, 449 (2003)
  84. Chong SV, Xia J, Suresh N, Yamaki K, Kadowaki K, Solid State Commun., 148, 345 (2008)
  85. Soria J, Sanz J, Sobrados I, Coronado JM, Fresno F, Hernandez-Alonso MD, Catal. Today, 129(1-2), 240 (2007)
  86. Yamamotoa Y, Moribe S, Ikpma T, Akiyama K, Zhang Q, Saito F, Kubota ST, Mol. Phys., 104, 1733 (2006)
  87. DiValentin C, Pacchioni G, Selloni A, Chem. Mater., 17, 6656 (2006)
  88. Chen C, Sun X, Jiang X, Niu D, Yu A, Liu Z, Li J, Nan. Res. Lett., 4, 971 (2009)
  89. He GY, Liu WF, Sun XQ, Chen Q, Wang X, Chen HQ, Mater. Res. Bull., 48(5), 1885 (2013)
  90. Chandra V, Park J, Chun Y, Lee JW, Hwang IC, Kim KS, ACS Nano, 4, 3979 (2010)
  91. Gao XF, Li HB, Sun WT, Chen Q, Tang FQ, Peng LM, J. Phys. Chem. C, 113, 7531 (2009)
  92. Zhang H, Quan X, Chen S, Yu H, Ma N, Chem. Mater., 21, 3090 (2009)
  93. Kang Q, Lu QZ, Liu SH, Yang LX, Wen LF, Luo SL, Cai QY, Biomaterials, 31, 3317 (2010)