The layer-by-layer (LBL) polyelectrolyte deposited membranes have drawn increasing attention in various applications due to the ease of selective layer formation and their stability and versatility. In this study, the LBL deposition was performed at the inner surface of the polyethersulfone (PES) hollow fiber substrate to form composite nanofiltration (NF) membrane. The semi-dynamic deposition procedure was adopted with the aid of syringes. The newly developed inner deposited (id-LBL) membranes were then tested in NF and forward osmosis (FO) applications and the performance were compared with outer surface deposition as well as some literature data. The id-LBL membranes could not only withstand higher operating pressure but also possess superior hardness rejection especially in high concentration mixed salt solutions (more than 95% rejection to Mg2+ and Ca2+ in a 5000 ppm total dissolved salt (TDS) mixture under 4.8 bar). As for the FO process, with only two layer deposition, the id-LBL membranes also demonstrated significant performance improvement with increased water flux (up to 70 L/m(2) h using 0.5 M MgCl2 as draw solution in active layer facing draw solution configuration) and reduced salt leakage (around 0.5 g/m(2) h using 1 M MgCl2 draw solution in active layer facing feed water configuration). This study suggests that for hollow fiber substrate, the inner surface is more suitable for the formation of the selective layer via LBL deposition than the outer surface. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.