We review research on lean methane combustion in porous burners, with an emphasis on practical aspects of burner design and operation and the application of the technology to real-world problems. in particular we focus on 'ultra-lean' combustion, where the methane concentration is actually at or below the lean flammability limit for a free flame (5% methane by volume in air). Porous burners are an advanced combustion technology whereby a premixed fuel/air mixture burns within the cavities of a solid porous matrix. They are capable of burning low-calorific value fuels and very lean fuel/air mixtures that would not normally be flammable, potentially allowing the exploitation of what would otherwise be wasted energy resources. Possible lean-burn applications include the reburn of exhaust gases from existing combustion systems, and the mitigation of fugitive methane emissions. Porous burners operate on the principle that the solid porous matrix serves as a means of recirculating heat from the hot combustion products to the incoming reactants. This results in burning velocities higher than those for a free flame, as well as extended lean flammability limits. Burner performance is also characterised by low emissions of combustion related pollutants and stable operation over a wide range of fuel concentrations and flow rates. Stable combustion of methane/air mixtures below the conventional lean limit has been observed by a number of researchers; in one study the combustion of a mixture with a fuel concentration of only 1% was reported. A number of design considerations are important as regards optimising burner performance for lean-burn applications. Foremost among these is the selection of a suitable material for the porous matrix. Possibilities include packed beds of alumina spheres or saddles, and reticulated foams made of silicon carbide or high temperature metal alloys. Other potentially significant design issues include the length of the porous bed, the use of 'multi-section' designs where different porous materials are used in each section, the incorporation of external heat exchangers to supplement the heat recirculation provided by the porous matrix, and the ability to operate the burner at elevated pressures. There is an extensive body of research relating to porous burners, comprising experimental and numerical investigations. However the majority of previous studies have been directed towards the use of porous burners for radiant heating applications rather than for the combustion of low-calorific value fuels. Consequently there is a lack of reliable data relating specifically to ultra-lean combustion. We identify specific areas where further research is required to progress this field. These include the influence on burner performance of the design considerations listed above, the stability of the combustion process to fluctuations in fuel concentration and flow rate, the development of reliable models specifically for ultra-lean combustion in practical burners, and the investigation of issues relating to scale-up and commercial application. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.