AimsTo maximize acetification rate (ETA) by adsorption of acetic acid bacteria (AAB) on loofa sponge matrices (LSM). Methods and ResultsAAB were adsorbed on LSM, and the optimal shaking rate was determined for maximized AAB growth and oxygen availability. Results confirm that the 1Hz reciprocating shaking rate with 40% working volume (liquid volume 24l, tank volume 60l) achieved a high oxygen transfer coefficient (k(L)a). The highest ETA was obtained at 50% (w:v) LSM-AAB:culture medium at 302 degrees C (P005). To test process consistency, nine sequential acetification cycles were run using LSM-AAB and comparing it with no LSM. The highest ETA (1701-2401gl(-1)d(-1)) was with LSM-AAB and was associated with the highest biomass of AAB, confirmed by SEM images. ConclusionsResults confirm that LSM-AAB works well as an inert substrate for AAB. High oxygenation was maintained by a reciprocating shaker. Both shaking and LSM were important in increasing ETA. Significance and Impact of the StudyHigh cell biomass in LSM-AAB provides good conditions for higher ETAs of quick acetification under adequate oxygen transfer by reciprocating shaker. It is a sustainable process for small-scale vinegar production system requiring minimal set-up cost.