The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of thermophilic hydrogenesis coupled with mesophilic methanogenesis in which the effluent was recycled to the hydrogen reactor for starch wastewater treatment. With this system, the hydrogen production rate and yield were 3.45 +/- 0.25 L H-2/(L.d) and 5.79 +/- 0.41 mmol H-2/g CODadded respectively, and thus higher than the values of the control group without methanogenic effluent recycling. In addition, relatively higher contents of acetate and butyrate were obtained in the hydrogen reactor with recirculation. The methane reactors were operated with the effluent from the hydrogen reactor, and methane yield was stabilized at 0.21-0.23 hg CODremoval in both. Analysis of the microbial communities further showed that methanogenic effluent recirculation enriched microbial communities in the hydrogen reactor. Two species of bacteria effective in hydrogenesis, Thermoanaerobacteriwn thermosaccharolyticum and Clostridium thermosaccharolyticum, dominated during hydrogen production, whereas archaea belonging to Euryarchaeota were detected and cultured in the methane reactor. The recycled effluent supplied alkaline substrates for the hydrogen producing bacteria. Alkali balance calculations showed that the amount of added alkali was reduced by 88%. This amount, required for hydrogen production from starch wastewater, was contributed by alkali in the methanogenic effluent, (2225 +/- 140 mg CaCO3/L), resulting in lower operational costs. Copyright (c) 2014 Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.