The biocompatibility of anodized titanium (Ti) was improved by an electrochemically deposited calcium phosphate (CaP) layer. The CaP layer was grown on the anodized Ti surface in modified simulated body fluid (M-SBF) at 85 degrees C. The phases and morphologies for the CaP layers were influenced by the electrolyte concentration. Nano flake-like precipitates that formed under low M-SBF concentrations were identified as hydroxyapatite (HAp) crystals orientated in the c-axis direction. In high M-SBF concentrations, the CaP layer formed micro plate-like precipitates on anodized Ti, and micropores were covered with HAp. Proliferation of murine preosteoblast cell (MC3T3-E1) on the HAp/anodized Ti surfaces was significantly higher than for untreated Ti and anodized Ti surfaces. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.