Thin Solid Films, Vol.535, 127-132, 2013
Formation mechanisms of Cu(In,Ga)Se-2 solar cells prepared from electrodeposited precursors
The development of low cost industrial processes is one of the key issues to make Cu(In,Ga)Se-2 based solar cells reach grid-parity. Such a process is found by using a two-step technology based on the sequential electro-deposition of a metallic precursor followed by a rapid annealing. Three types of metallic precursors (two-compound systems as copper-indium, copper-gallium and three-compound system as copper-indiumgallium) have been electrodeposited on a molybdenum sputtered soda lime glass and alloyed through a low annealing temperature. Then a selenium film has been evaporated and the stack has been annealed at high temperature in a rapid thermal processing furnace. A one-step heating profile has been used from room temperature to 550 degrees C in less than 1 min. Samples for which the heating was stopped after different annealing times have been characterized using several techniques: X-ray fluorescence spectrometry for elemental composition, X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy for phase composition, scanning electron microscopy for structural analysis and glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy for diffusion study. Preferential formation reactions of the two-compound based metallic precursors have been studied and compared with the copper-indiumgallium metallic precursor used in a two step process. A gallium free system reacts faster than a gallium-based system and presents well-formed ternary compound after a standard selenization. However, the incorporation of gallium can be improved through a longer annealing time or a higher annealing temperature. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords:Cu(In,Ga)Se-2;Selenization;CuGaSe2;CuInSe2;Electrodeposited precursor;Solar cells;Formation reactions;Chalcopyrite compounds