This paper reports on experimental and theoretical studies of the direct current breakdown voltage characteristics for several gases (argon, nitrogen, helium, hydrogen, dry air, oxygen and carbon dioxide) in discharges with parallel-plane electrodes separated from 1 to 100 mu m. The breakdown phenomena have been discussed in terms of field emission of electrons from the cathode. Based on the measured breakdown voltage curves, realistic values of the effective yields and the field emission thresholds for considered gases have been estimated. It was found that the secondary electron emission due to high electric field generated in microgaps depends primarily on the electric field E leading directly to the violation of the Paschen's law. The effective yields due to the field emission for all gases are determined for the first time. Experimental data are supported by the theoretical predicitions that suggest departure from the scaling law and a flattening of the Paschen curves at higher pressures. The obtained results may provide better understending of the breakdown phenomena in microgaps.