In this conference around 250 papers, orals or posters, were presented. About 20 % of the papers studied metals or alloys, and 30 % dealt with semiconductors. Alam has reviewed the progress in electronic structure studies of metals and alloys. Therefore I shall discuss only defect studies in metallic and semiconducting materials. The following will be purely a personal view to the state on this limited subject. First I shall give a few comments on techniques including computations. Then I shall mention some applications, which to my mind have been successful. Finally I shall list future challenges and give concluding remarks.