Function-graded proton exchange membranes (G-PEMs) for polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) are fabricated by electron beam (EB) grafting using a heterogeneous energy deposition technique. The fabricated G-PEMs have a water uptake gradient in the direction of the thickness originating from the sulfonic acid group gradient. Normal PEMs (N-PEMs), which have almost no gradient ionic groups in the membrane, are also fabricated to compare with G-PEMs. PEFC operations for comparing the fabricated G-PEMs, normal PEMs (N-PEMs), and Nafion (R) 212 are carried out at 30 degrees C and 60 degrees C with dry H-2/O-2 gases. It is expected that the advantages of using dry fuel gases are lower cost and a smaller size system than that is possible with a humid fuel. The fabricated G-PEMs show a higher power density than Nafion (R) 212 and N-PEMs at 30 degrees C, and the deterioration of the performance of fabricated G-PEMs is lower than that of Nafion (R) 212. These results are thought to be caused by the difference in proton transfer kinetics between the fabricated G-PEMs and those of Nafion (R) 212. It is therefore considered that G-PEMs not only exhibit higher performance at low temperature under nonhumidified conditions but also cost less than Nafion (R) 212. (c) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.