Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol.252, 107-114, 2013
Deposition of Cl-2 on soils during outdoor releases
Synthetic soil blends were exposed to dense chlorine (Cl-2) plumes released at Dugway Proving Ground, UT, during Spring 2010 with the purpose of determining the magnitude of Cl-2 deposition onto soil and assessing its potential for attenuating a high-concentration plume. Samples were exposed at varying distances from the release point to include exposure to the pooling liquid (2-3 m) and dense vapor (10-17 m). Following exposure, soil samples were cored, fractionated vertically and analyzed for chloride (Cl) to quantify the integrated amount of Cl-2 deposited. Cl- was detected as deep as 4 cm in samples exposed to dense Cl-2 vapor and in the deepest fractions (13 cm) of samples exposed to liquid Cl-2. Chloride concentration, [Cl-], in the soil samples positively correlated with soil mass fractions of organic matter and water, and while their individual contributions to Cl-2 deposition could not be quantitatively determined, the data suggest that organic matter was the primary contributor. [Cl-] results from the top vertical fractions (1.3 cm nearest the surface) were used in an analysis to determine the magnitude of deposition as a loss term under low-wind (<= 1.6 m/s) conditions. The analysis revealed up to 50% of a 1814-kg release could be deposited within 20 m from the release point for soil with high organic matter (43%) and/or water content (29%). Published by Elsevier B.V.