In this work, the surface properties of carbon blacks treated by oxygen plasma were investigated in acid-base surface value, zeta potential, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). And their mechanical interfacial properties of the carbon black/rubber composites were studied by the composite tearing energy (Gmc). As experimental results, it was found that the introduction rate of oxygen-containing functional groups, such as carboxyl, hydroxyl, lactone, and carbonyl groups, onto the carbon black surfaces increased as the plasma treatment time increase. It revealed that the polar rubber, i.e., acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR), showed a high degree of interaction with oxygen-containing functional groups of the carbon black surfaces, resulting in improving the tearing energy (Gmc) of the carbon black/NBR composites.