This study focused on the optimization of energy harvest from wastewater treatment by integrating two novel biotechnologies: anaerobic hydrogen production and microbial fuel cell (MFC). The simultaneous production of hydrogen and electricity from wastewater was examined at continuous flow at different organic loading rates (OLR) by changing chemical oxygen demand (COD) and hydraulic retention time (HRT). The experimental results showed that the specific hydrogen yield (SHY, mole H(2)/mole glucose) increased with the decrease in OLR, and reached at the maximum value of 2.72 mol H(2)/mole glucose at the lowest OLR of 4 g/L.d. The effluent from hydrogen producing biofermentor (HPB) was fed to a single chamber MFC (SCMFC), obtaining the highest power density and coulombic efficiency (CE) of 4200 mW/m(3) and 5.3%, respectively. The energy conversion efficiency (ECE) increased with OLR and reached the peak value of 4.24% at the OLR of 2.35 g/L.d, but decreased with higher OLR. It was demonstrated that the combination of HPB and MEC improved the ECE and COD removal with the maximum total ECE of 29% and COD removal of 71%. The kinetic analysis was conducted for the HPB-MFC hybrid system. The maximum hydrogen production was projected to be 2.85 mol H(2)/mole glucose. The maximum energy recovery and COD removal efficiency from MFC were projected to be 559 J/L and 97%, respectively. (C) 2010 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Professor T. Nejat Veziroglu.