Combustion-based synthesis is the prominent technique for large-scale production of commercial-grade nanoparticles, such as titanium dioxide (titania or TiO2). Both time and economic constraints have led to an increase in the sophistication of the models for such chemical processes. State-of-the-art models for combustion-based nanoparticle synthesis incorporate highly detailed gas-phase kinetic models to describe the effects of the complex chemical reactions on particle formation and growth. Accurate models for particle evolution must be coupled with the detailed gas-phase kinetics in order to predict the particle properties. In this work, a bivariate population balance model for titania nanoparticle produced in flame reactors is used to investigate the role of gas-phase and surface chemistry in the determination of particle properties. The model considers all relevant particle evolution events including nucleation, surface growth, aggregation and sintering. In order to focus on the relative importance of the gas-phase mechanism, the flow field is modeled using a simple multi-environment plug-flow reactor model. Both one-step and detailed chemistry for Ti oxidation from the precursor, TiCl4, are compared for two different flame configurations. The simulation results demonstrate the importance of the location of nuclei formation in the flame, which depends strongly on the gas-phase and surface growth kinetic models, and their effect on the final product properties. These results suggest that detailed gas-phase chemical kinetics combined with a detailed surface growth model are required to accurately describe the combustion-based synthesis of nanoparticles. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.